2. Ch. 18 Classification Systems Classification in biology, is the identification, naming, and grouping of organisms into a formal system. The vast numbers of living forms are named and arranged in an orderly manner so that biologists all over the world can be sure they know the exact organism that is being examined and discussed. Modern classification has its roots in the system of Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. The father of modern taxonomy

3. Taxonomy Hierarchy is a ranking system Taxonomy - The hierarchical system of naming, describing and classifying organisms using structural characteristics The groups to which organisms were assigned are called taxa (singular: taxon) Linnaeus ranked the categories from the broadest and most general taxa (kingdoms) to the smallest the most specific taxa (individual species).

4. Taxonomic Level of Order Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Philip Came Over For Green Spaghetti

5. Binomial nomenclature (Naming System) Binomial nomenclature in its simplest form is a way of naming a species by means of two names both in Latin or Greek. The use of Latin or Greek names were used because these languages were understood by scientists everywhere The first name, which begins with a capital letter is known as the Genus it is always capitalized. The second part represents the Species is always printed with all letters in lower case. The scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics. Ursus arctos Grizzly Bear Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias

6. What Separates One Species from Another Species? Species-group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with one another and their offspring can reproduce offspring. When organisms from different species breed with one another their offspring are sterile or infertile. = Mule Male Donkey X Female Horse

7. = Hinny Male Horse X Female Donkey (jenny)

8. Female Liger Male Liger Female Tiger X Male Lion

9. Tiglons or Tions Male Tiger X Female Lion

10. Zedonk / ZonkeyZebroid / Zorse Female Horse X Male Zebra Female Donkey X Male Zebra

11. Beefalo or Cattalo Bison X Domestic Cow White Bass X Striped Bass Hybrid Striped Bass

12. Most taxonomist use a five-kingdom system. These five- kingdom group organisms together that have similarities in such fundamental characteristics as major cellular structure, unicellular or multicellular and methods of obtaining nutrients, and now DNA evidence.

14. Recent Advances The Three-Domain System: Domain – a more inclusive category than any other – larger than a kingdom. 1.Domain Bacteria – includes the kingdom Eubacteria (true) 2.Domain Archaea – includes the kingdom Archaebacteria (ancient) 3.Domain Eukarya – includes the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. P 459

15. Evolutionary Classification Phylogeny – the evolutionary relationships among organisms. Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. This strategy is called Evolutionary Classification. Cladistic analysis identifies and considers only those characteristics of organisms that are evolutionary innovations – new characteristics that arise as lineages evolve over time, these are called Derived characters. Derived characters can be used to construct a cladogram, a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

16. cladograms

17. Dichotomous Key (Taxonomy Key) A tool that is used by scientists that work in the field when they come across a unfamiliar organism.

18. Web Links http://www.nps.gov/cave/desertlb/reveg/rv_ wq1.htmhttp://www.nps.gov/cave/desertlb/reveg/rv_ wq1.htm