1. Infancy: The First Year of Life4
Infancy: The First Year of Life

2. Infancy: Growth and Change Height and Weight
Infants grow at faster rate first year than at any other time
Weight doubles in first 5 months and triples by end of first year
Babies appear plump
Will lose baby fat in first year
Height is more uneven in growth than weight
Mention gender differences here

3. Infancy: Growth and Change Developmental Pattern
Two key growth patterns
Cephalocaudal principle
Proximodistal principle
Relate this development and chart to previous slide for clarification

4. Infancy: Growth and Change Teeth and Teething
First tooth appears between 5-9 months
Teething-first teeth break through the skin
Symptoms include:
Saliva production
Coughing
Rash
Grabbing things to put in mouth
Relief can be found in teething ring or cold wet washcloth
Be specific in relief

5. Infancy: Growth and Change Brain Development
At birth, brain is ¼ the size of adult’s brain
By age 2 it will reach 70 percent
Growth in brain due to
Exuberance-dendritic connects multiply
Myelination-axons become encased in a myelin sheath
Efficiency increases due to synaptic pruning

6. Infancy: Growth and Development Brain Specialization
Brain divided into three major regions
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Both structures mature early and perform basic biological functions
Forebrain
Limbic system-hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus
Cereberal Cortex-lobes
Highlight purpose of each system

7. Infancy: Growth and Development Brain Specialization
Highlight purpose of each system

8. Infancy: Growth and Development Infant Brain Plasticity
Plasticity important for the infant’s brain development
Adaptable to overcome damage
Environmental deprivation can have permanent effects
Example seen in Romanian Adoptions
Stress importance of age and how plasticity can play a role

9. Stress importance of age and how plasticity can play a role
Figure Romanian Adoptees’ Cognitive Abilities, by Age of Adoption The later the age of adoption, the lower their cognitive abilities. Source: Based on Beckett et al. (2006)

10. Infancy: Growth and Development Sleep Changes
Neonates sleep hours
3-4 Months sleep 6-7 hours at night
6 Months cultural patterns influence sleep patterns
American 14 hours
Kipsigis 12 hours
Dutch 16 hours
Maybe find a pic of sleeping baby here

11. Infancy: Growth and Development Sleep Changes
Early infancy is highest risk period for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Leading cause of death for infants 1-12 months in developed countries
Ethnic variations
Asian descent less likely while higher rates for African Americans and Native Americans
Poorer prenatal care could be a factor

12. Infancy: Growth and Development Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
No clear cause but there are risk factors
Sleeping on stomach instead of back
Low birth weight and APGAR score
Smoking
Soft bedding

13. Infancy: Growth and Development Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Campaign to reduce SIDS includes a Back to sleep campaign
Campaign has caused reduction of SIDS worldwide
Give more information about the campaign

14. Infancy: Growth and Development Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Give more information about the campaign

15. Infancy: Growth and Development Co-Sleeping
United States warns against co-sleeping
Excessive dependence, emotional health, and SIDS
Developing countries view as normal
Highly vulnerable to injury and illness
Custom Complex

16. Physical Development Infant Health: Nutritional Needs
Infants need a high fat diet which breast milk provides
About 6 months may introduce solid foods
Cultural variations types of food introduced
West-rice cereal
Traditional cultures-mashed, prechewed, pureed
Give specific information about breastfeeding and malnutrition

17. Physical Development Infant Health: Nutritional Needs
Malnutrition during this time can be severe and enduring
Can be caused by inability of mother to breastfeed
Marasmus is a risk for malnourished infants
Give specific information about breastfeeding and malnutrition

18. Physical Development Infant Health: Infant Mortality
Most infant mortality is neonatal mortality
Top sources of infant mortality include
Malnutrition
Malaria
Diarrhea
Vaccinations have been beneficial
Give information for diarrhea and treatment.

19. Physical Development Infant Health: Infant Mortality
Give information for diarrhea and treatment.

20. Physical Development Cultural Beliefs and Practices to Protect Infants
Traditional cultures:
Parents’ awareness of infant’s vulnerabilities influenced parenting practices
Developed practices to help infants avoid harm
Current practices may be magical where knowledge is limited
Mention Medieval information from textbook

21. Physical Development Motor and Sensory Development
Gross motor development includes whole body movements like crawling
Children tend to develop gross motor skills in sequence
Sequence has genetic beginnings with environmental influences
Highlight some to the universals of sequences

22. Highlight some to the universals of sequences
Table Milestones of Gross Motor Development in Infancy Age ranges provided are for 90% of American infants. Based on: Bayley (2005)

23. Physical Development Motor and Sensory Development
Cultural practices emphasize the role of environment on gross motor skills
Swaddling is a common practice which can be restrictive to infants
Other cultures encourage gross motor skills
Long term effects tend to minimally impact gross motor development
Use figure to talk about swaddling and Gusii infants
L.O. 4.9

24. Use figure to talk about swaddling and Gusii infants
L.O. 4.9
Figure The Impact of Reduction Campaigns on Sids Rates Why did rates of SIDS decline so much over this period?

25. Physical Development Motor and Sensory Development
Fine motor skills are the more precise motor abilities
Major accomplishments of fine motor skills include reaching and grasping
Will also exhibit pincer grasp that allows feeding of themselves
L.O. 4.10

26. Physical Development Motor and Sensory Development
Depth perception is influenced by development of binocular vision at 2-3 months of age
Important when children become mobile
Intermodal perception
One month olds match things in mouth to things they touch
By eight months can match unfamiliar faces with correct voice and gender
Depth perception add visual cliff information/
Mention 4 month old ability for intermodal
L.O and L.O. 4.12

27. Cognitive Development

28. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Piagetian key terms:
Schemes-cognitive structure for processing, organizing and interpreting information
Assimilation-new information is altered to fit an existing scheme
Accommodation-changing a scheme to adapt to the new information
L.O. 4.13
Be sure to identify maturation as a driving force for Piaget’s theory

29. Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
Composed of 4 substages
Can use table to discuss each substage.
L.O. 4.14
Discuss 4 substages and mention each major stage in theory

30. Object Permanence
Object permanence -objects continue to exist even when not aware of them
Under 4 months no understanding
4-8 months-some uncertain about existence
8-12 months-Developing awareness
Will still make A not B error
Explain A not B error with picture and cultural work on peek a boo
L.O. 4.15

31. Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Theory
Criticisms include
Underestimating infants ability especially regarding object permanence
Renee Baillargeon and researchers tested infant abilities using the violation of expectations method
Object permanence may reflect memory development
Cultural limitations as well
L.O. 4.16

32. Information Processing in Infancy
Information processing model views cognitive changes as continuous.
Historically computer was analogy but awareness that brain is more complex
Human thinking divided into capacities for attention, processing and memory

33. Information Processing in Infancy

34. Attention/Habituation
Attention studied using habituation and dishabituation
Habituation-gradual decrease in attention
Dishabituation-revival of attention with a new stimulus
Define joint attention
L.O. 4.17

35. Attention/Habituation
Neonates-several minutes before dishabituation
4-5 months-only several seconds
Infants become better at perceiving and processing stimuli
End of first year joint attention highlights social attention
Define joint attention
L.O. 4.17

36. Memory Short Term memory improves during first year of life
Object permanence tasks show infants can remember more locations of hidden objects
Long Term memory increases as well
Difference between recognition memory and recall memory
L.O. 4.18

37. Assessing Infant Development
Arnold Gesell – four subscale assessment tool
Motor skills
Language Use
Adaptive behavior
Personal-Social behavior
Development Quotient (DQ)
Arnold Gesell

38. Assessing Infant Development
Nancy Bayley produced a contemporary measure of infant development
3 main scales
Cognitive
Language
Motor
Limited by low reliability of the scales
Not predictive of later IQ but can be used a screening tool
L.O. 4.19

39. Assessing Infant Development
Information processing model uses habituation to assess intelligence
Infants with short habituation time, process information more quickly
Longitudinal studies have shown a connection between habituation time and IQ and higher achievement
L.O. 4.20

40. Media Stimulation
“Mozart” effect led to creation of educational videos and DVDs
Most studies have not supported the effectiveness of education CDs and videos
Effective ways to encourage cognitive interaction includes talking, reading, responding and patience
L.O. 4.21

41. Table 4.3 Milestones of Infant Language Development
Highlight each milestone
L.O. 4.21
Table Milestones of Infant Language Development

42. Language Development
Many cultures use Infant Directed Speech to speak to infants
Higher Pitch with simplified grammar
Exaggerated intonation and phrases repeated
Infants seem to prefer this speech and is common in many cultures
Mention specific cultures as in text
L.O. 4.22

43. Language Development
Some cultures do not speak to infants in any special way
No consistent negative effects in cultures with no IDS
Mention specific cultures as in text
L.O. 4.22

44. Emotional and Social Development

45. Temperament
Temperament-innate tendencies that would be shaped to become adult personality
Composed of activity level, adaptability, intensity of reactions and quality of mood are judged
Easy
Difficult
Slow to warm up
Current research adds self-regulation or sociability
L.O. 4.24

46. Goodness of Fit
Goodness of fit-a good fit between temperament of child and environmental demands
Babies with negative temperamental qualities did better with parents who were tolerant
Cultures value different traits leading to cultural goodness of fit
Asian babies less active as this is cultural important
L.O. 4.25

47. Infant Emotions
Primary emotions are basic emotions we share with other animals
Secondary emotions develop later and are called socio-moral emotions
Primary emotions-distress, interest and pleasure in first weeks of life
Becomes anger, sadness, fear, surprise and happiness

48. Infant Emotions
Anger as being separate from crying occurs by 7 months of age
Sadness is rare unless mothers are depressed
Fear- by 6 months of age
Fear seems to occur with stranger anxiety
Surprise -about 6 months of age
Happiness-2 to 3 months
L.O. 4.26

49. Infants’ Emotional Perceptions
Crying in response to hearing another cry is emotional contagion
Infants perceive emotions by audition before visual
The still face paradigm shows infants quickly learn to expect certain emotional reactions
By 7 months infants can match auditory to visual emotions
By 9-10 months infants show social referencing
L.O. 4.27

50. Cultural Themes of Infant Social Life
Infants are with their mothers for the early months of life
After 6 months, most daily care done by older girls rather than the mother
Infants are among many other people in the course of the day
Highlight each numbered point

51. Cultural Themes of Infant Social Life
Infants are held or carried almost constantly
Fathers are usually remote or absent during first year
Highlight each numbered point

52. Foundation of Social Development
Erikson’s First stage focuses on trust versus mistrust
Centers around the emotional and social bond and not the biological bond
Developing trust in infancy provides foundation for future social development
L.O. 4.28

53. Foundation of Social Development
Bowlby’s attachment theory focused on early quality relationships as well
Focused on primary caregiver being sensitive and responsive
Attachment theory has evolutionary basis and mother-offspring relationships in animal species
L.O. 4.28