1. Forests

2. Importance Wildlife habitat Soil Erosion Wind block Aesthetics Fuel Climate moderation

4. Plants Primary source of energy – Sun -> grass -> deer -> humans Carbon cycle – Take in carbon dioxide, produce glucose and oxygen

6. Bit of History Tall grass prairies and forests – Resources for homes & agriculture – Mid – 1800s approx 6.7 million forested acres ( 1 / 5 ) – By 1900s only 1.5 million acres remained Breadbasket of the world – Forest cover has increased to 2.1 – 2.5 million acres Result from less livestock grazing State & Federal cost – sharing reforestation programs

7. Parts of a Forest

8. Succession

9. Parts of a Plant

10. Four basic parts – Leaves – Stems – Roots – Flowers (fruit/seeds)

11. Leaves “Food Factory” through photosynthesis Leaf is made of specialized cells Vary in shape, size, and arrangement – Help identify plants – Simple, compound – Toothed, pointed, smooth – Lobed, ovate, lanceolate – Whorled, alternate, opposite

13. Parts of a leaf

14. Food manufactured in leaf moves down through the stem to the roots – Used or stored in stem or root Sometimes cells in roots, stems, and leaves – Respiration Oxygen used to produce energy for cells Too much water can affect efficiency

15. Support leaves Transport materials Provide storage Stems

16. Types of Stems Woody or nonwoody (herbaceous) Stolons – Grow along soil surface – Produce new plants Tuber – Store energy Cacti – Green fleshy stems – Store water and photosynthesis Modified for protection

17. Stem Structures Did you know that a sign nailed 2m (7ft) high on a tree will remain at that height, even though the tree may grow much taller?

18. Stem Structure Grow in length only at tip Apical meristems – Primary tissues Lateral meristems – Secondary growth (diameter)

19. Stem Features Node – Leaf attaches to stem Internode – Space between nodes – Lateral bud Bud – Stem or leaf – Apical meristem enclosed by bud scales

20. Winter Identification of Trees

21. Primary Growth in Stems Apical meristem – Dermal, protect plant – Ground, cortex and pith Pith located at center of stem – Vascular tissue, occurs in bundles Xylem (inside) and phloem (outside)

22. Secondary Growth in Stems Stems increase in thickness – Cell division in vascular cambium (xylem/phloem) – Dicot and gymnosperms (Monocot Trees may differ) Stem forms b/w xylem and phloem in vascular bundle – Vascular cambium produces 2 0 xylem (inside) and phloem (outside) – 2 0 xylem represents the wood of the plant New cambium cells increases stems diameter

23. Cross Section of Woody Stem

24. Older xylem stop producing water – Darken wood called heartwood Will increase in diameter – Lighter – colored wood called sapwood Stays about the same Phloem near outside of stem – Bark Cork, cork cambium, and phloem – Protective layer – Cork cells die at maturity Cannot elongate and will rupture as stem increases in diameter Bark pattern (maples and oaks)

25. Annual Rings Springwood – Water plentiful – Vas. Cambium form new xylem cells – Wide and thin cell walls Summerwood – Water scarce – Vas. Cambium forms smaller thicker cells Difference causes a change in appearance One ring each year used to determine age

26. Transport of Water Water and mineral nutrients occur in xylem Water is constantly evaporating from plant – Stomata – Transpiration

27. Roots Anchor the plant in the soil Absorb and transport water and mineral nutrients Storage for water and organic compounds

28. Types of Roots Taproot – Primary root – Rarely more than one – two meters Fibrous root system – Numerous small roots Adventitious roots – Specialized roots grow from other places – Leaves and stems – corn and epiphytic orchid (aerial roots)

30. Root Structures Root cap – Covers apical meristem – Produces oil Root hairs – Extensions of epidermal cells – Increase surface area Dependent on stems and leaves for energy Store starch

32. Reproduction of Plants Propagation

33. Sexual and Asexual Asexual – No seeds – Leaf, stem, or root Sexual – Union of pollen and egg – Pollination – Fertilization Pollen tube, male gametes unite with egg cell to form zygote

34. Pollination Transfer of pollen Pollen grains – Pores where pollen tubes grow Self – pollination Cross – pollination Wind or animal