1. Experiences and lessons from emergency aquatic animal disease investigations

2. Transboundary aquatic animal diseases (TAADs) highly contagious/transmissible (infectious!) potential for very rapid spread irrespective of national borders (no passport!) cause serious socio-economic consequences (high risk and high impact!) OIE lists more than 30 aquatic pathogens/diseases which fit established criteria for listed diseases in terms of consequence, spread and diagnosis (important to trade!) one of the negative impacts trade globalization (important pathway!)

3. Health and aquatic animals Aquatic animals require more atte ntion in order to monitor their health – not readily visible except in tank holding conditions, live in complex and dynamic environment – feed consumption and mortalities are hidden under water Wide range of diversity in terms of species, systems, practices and environment – different types of risks

4. Health and aquatic animals Range of diseases are also varied – some disease with low or unknown specificity – many with non-specific symptoms Complexity of aquatic systems makes distinction between health, sub-optimal performance and disease obscure Disease considered as the most important challenge in aquaculture

5. Diseases in aquaculture Not caused by a single event End result of a series of linked events involving the interactions between the host (including physiological, reproductive and developmental stage conditions), the environment and the presence of a pathogen (Snieszko, 1974). STRESS is an important factor!! Snieszko, 1974 Bondad-Reantaso et al., 2002

6. Sources of stress Poor water quality (low dissolved oxygen, improper pH, turbidity, etc.) Pollution (toxic waste from factory) Diet composition Physical stressors – handling – transport – disease treatment Water temperature

7. 32 C Fish are poikilothermic animals: body temperature is the same as that of the environment 24 C Ouch.. hot Grrr.. cold

8. Factors contributing to the current disease problems in aquaculture intensification of aquaculture through translocation of broodstock, post- larvae, fry and fingerlings development and expansion of the ornamental fish trade misunderstanding and misuse of specific pathogen free (SPF) stocks in hatcheries global distribution of shrimp diseases koi herpesvirus (KHV) Taura syndrome, Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) of Specific pathogen free (SPF) Peneaus vannamei

9. Factors contributing to the current disease problems in aquaculture slow awareness on emerging diseases inadequate or poorly implemented biosecurity measures unanticipated negative interactions between cultured and wild fish populations enhancement of marine and coastal areas through stocking of aquatic animals reared in hatcheries KHV in Indonesia and EUS incursion in Africa exemplified by Kudoa amamiensis pilchard mortalities with feeding with live or fresh food as pathway

10. Indiscriminate translocation of infected brooders and post- larvae 10

11. 3 examples of TAADs Example 1: National spread of koi herpesvirus (KHV): case of Indonesia: ornamental to cultured to wild fish populations Example 2: International spread of white spot disease (WSD), the most serious pathogen on shrimp Example 3: Introduction of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) to the Chobe-Zambezi River (southern African region)

12. 12 Koi herpes virus (KHV) Koi carp (high value ornamental fish – one piece can cost as high as USD 100 000) Common carp – an important food fish

13. 13 March 2002

14. 14 April 2002

15. 15 June 2002

16. 16 August 2002

17. 17 September 2002

18. 18 November 2002

19. 19 December 2002

20. 20 January 2003

21. 21 February 2003

22. 22 Episodes of 10 Major Outbreaks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ??? 9 10 10. Sentani Lake, West PNG, end of 05 1. Blitar, East Java, March 02 3. Cirata Reservoir, West Java, April 02 9. Tondano Lake, North Sulawesi, mid 05 8. Mahakam River, East Kalimantan, May 05 7. Toba Lake North Sumatra, Oct 04 6. Karang Intan River, South Kalimantan, Sep 04 5. Maninjau Lake, West Sumatra, Aug 04 2. Subang District, West Java, Apr 02 4. Lubuk, S Sumatra, Jan 03 10 1st outbreak among koi carp in March 02 1 st outbreak among cultured common carp 1 st outbreak of cultured and wild carp in a reservoir

23. Economic losses and investment Blitar Mar 02 outbreak: US$ 0.5 M NACA Emergency Task Force: US$ 20,000 Jul 02 outbreak: US$ 5 M FAO TCP: US$ 325,000 Dec 02/03 outbreak: US$ 10 M/US$ 15 M GOI internal budget: US$ 200,000 Nov 04 oubtreak: US$ 25 M Japanese Trust Fund: US$ 20,000 23

24. 3 examples of TAADs Example 1: National spread of KHV: case of Indonesia: ornamental to cultured to wild fish populations Example 2: International spread of white spot disease, the most serious pathogen on shrimp Example 3: Introduction of epizootic ulcerative syndrome to the Chobe-Zambezi River (southern African region)

25. The Asian pandemic 25 1993 1991/2 1993 1994 1999 From Dr. P. Walker, CSIRO, Australia

26. 26 Hawaii Global transfers of live shrimp Tahiti Courtesy Prof. D. Lightner

27. Global distribution of WSSV 27 USA Mexico Colombia Ecuador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Peru Brazil China Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Myanmar Philippines Japan Taiwan South Korea India, Bangladesh, Iran, Sri Lanka

28. 3 examples of TAADs Example 1: National spread of koi herpesvirus (KHV): case of Indonesia: ornamental to cultured to wild fish populations Example 2: International spread of white spot disease (WSD), the most serious pathogen on shrimp Example 3: Introduction of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) to the Chobe-Zambezi River (southern African region)

29. 29 Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) spread 1972-1996 1972 1980 1985 1971 1979 1987 1991 1996 1989 1988 1984 1983 1981 1984 1983 Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam

30. Fast forward 2006 More than 20 species confirmed

31. EUS-positive countries Botswana, Zambia Namibia (2006, 2007 onwards), South Africa (2010) Lake and river systems in African continent with same fish fauna - considered population at risk

32. Activities and lessons learned

33. KHV in Indonesia (2002) NACA formed an international disease investigation Task Force: epidemiologist, AAH specialist, virologist One week mission: organized the mission with local counterparts, visited farms, collected samples and sent to different laboratories Confirmed the diagnosis

34. KHV in Indonesia and Asia Mission recommendations – Short-,medium- and long-term – Immediate notification to OIE – Subject request for technical assistance to FAO through a TCP – TCP was approved (2 years): build capacity on KHV diagnosis, improved virology laboratory; preparation of Asian guidelines KHV continued to spread to other Asian countries

35. WSD in Mozambique Channel (2013) Assessment of performance and capacity on aquatic biosecurity Sub-regional strategy containing 8 Programme Elements (emergency preparedness) Sub-regional strategy presented to other partners and public sector – made additions – a robust road map for dealing with WSD in that region

36. EUS in southern Africa (2013) USD 25K for an international disease investigation task force (2007) Regional TCP: EUS diagnosis, active/targetted surveillance, risk analysis (2007-2009) South Africa taking a lead in terms of expertise and funding support Regional strategy for all countries of South Africa (14 countries)

37. Lessons Vigilance Advance financial planning is essential Post-mortem review and good documentation Competence of Competent Authority Mobilization of experts, alerting diagnostic laboratories Immediate notification, continuous surveillance Multi-disciplinary team including private sector (not only AAH professionals, aquaculture specialists, etc) Full support to affected producers National commitment Regional and international cooperation

38. Are you ready for the next two days?