1. Atmospheric Processes The composition of the atmosphere

2. Key questions… 1.What is the importance of the atmosphere as a life support system? 2.What are the main gases and aerosols of the lower atmosphere? 3.What are the main processes associated with such gases and aerosols which influence life on Earth?

3. Our atmosphere… 10 reasons why we need it; 1.Gives us oxygen (O 2 ) to breathe! 2.Provides Nitrogen (N 2) which are essential to make proteins and DNA 3.CO 2 for photosynthesis 4.Water vapour released as precipitation (Fresh water supply – Hydrological Cycle) 5.Protects us from meteorites – most burn up in thermosphere 6.Absorbs harmful UV radiation from the sun (Ozone Layer – O 3 ) 7.Absorbs heat which regulates temperature allowing Earth to be habitable 8.Creates climates by the circulation of gases and particles 9.Circulation of hot and cold air to regulate different climate zones – this is important as different species of flora and fauna require certain climatic conditions to survive 10. …….. Can you think of any others? quite important?

4. The Earth’s atmosphere A mixture of transparent, odourless gases and aerosols held to Earth by gravity Three main types of constituents –Permanent gases – e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, argon –Variable gases (greenhouse gases and reactive gas species) – e.g. carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour –Aerosols (non-gaseous components of atmosphere) – e.g. sea salt, soot particles, volcanic ash

5. The composition of the atmosphere Gas% by volume Parts per million (ppm) SymbolImportance Nitrogen78.08780 840.0N2N2 Biologically inert – remains stable. Needed to make proteins and DNA Oxygen20.95209 460.0O2O2 Needed for aerobic respiration Argon0.939 340.0Ar Inert Carbon dioxide 0.03350.0CO 2 Major contribution to the Greenhouse Effect but essential for Photosynthesis Permanent gases Mostly passive in weather-related processes N 2, O 2 and Ar constitute 99.9% of atmosphere Variable gases and aerosols Occur as a result of both natural processes (e.g. carbon cycle) and human activities (e.g. burning coal) Affect transmission of radiation through atmosphere

6. Other present gases and aerosols of the lower atmosphere Gas% by Volume Parts per Million (ppm) SymbolImportance Neon0.001818.0NeInert Helium0.000525.2HeInert Methane0.000141.4CH 4 Major contribution to the Greenhouse Effect and Acid Rain Krypton0.000101.0KrInert Nitrous Oxide0.000050.5N2ON2OMajor contribution to the Greenhouse Effect Hydrogen0.000050.5H2H2 None Xenon0.0000090.09XeInert Ozone0.0000070.07O3O3 Stratospheric – filters UV radiation Tropospheric – health hazard

7. Sources, sinks and atmospheric residence times Source = point from which a gas or aerosol is released into atmosphere Sink = point where a gas or aerosol is removed from atmosphere –by chemical reaction –by absorption into other components of earth-atmosphere system (e.g. oceans, ice sheets) –Photosynthesis (Plankton blooms) Atmospheric residence time = average period of time a molecule or particle resides within atmosphere Determined by relative rates of emission (from source) and removal (via sink)

8. The Greenhouse Gases Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), ozone (O 3 ) and water vapour (H 2 O) Play an important role in regulating atmosphere’s energy budget by absorbing some of outgoing terrestrial radiation –Increases global mean surface temperature –Process = natural greenhouse effect Atmospheric concentrations of almost all these gases have increased since 1800s (Industrial Revolution) due to: –Combustion of fossil fuels –Deforestation and agricultural change (livestock/food production increase) Anthropogenic greenhouse gases include chlorofluorocarbons, methyl bromide (pesticides), solvents, halons –Released into atmosphere since 1930s –Consequence = enhanced Greenhouse Effect

9. Changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases GasSymbolConc. in 1750* Conc. In 2011 Carbon dioxide CO 2 278 ppmv390.4 ppmv MethaneCH 4 0.72 ppmv1.80 ppmv Nitrous oxide N2ON2O270 ppbv324 ppbv CFC-11 00.24 ppbv CFC-12 00.53 ppbv ppmv = parts per million by volume ppbv = parts per billion by volume * Figures for 1750 based on proxy records ( ice core samples)

10. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Most important greenhouse gas after water vapour –involved in complex ‘carbon cycle’ Natural sources –Respiration –Decomposition of organic matter –Forest fires –Volcanic eruptions –Evaporation from oceans Anthropogenic sources –Fossil fuel combustion –Deforestation & biomass burning –Manufacture of cement Sinks (removal from atmosphere) –Plant photosynthesis –Absorption by oceans Volcanic eruption Industrial pollution

11. The global carbon cycle

12. Atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at Mauna Loa, Hawaii – 1958-2006 AD world’s longest instrumental record of atmospheric carbon dioxide Why might CO2 levels increase in N hem spring and reduce in N hem autumn?

13. Atmospheric CO 2 concentrations – Ice Core Data, 1850-1950 AD – Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 1958-present AD Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets preserve a record of past atmospheric composition Ice sheets are cored and studied by extracting air bubbles trapped in layers of ice

14. Methane (CH 4 ) Primary natural source –natural anerobic (i.e. oxygen- deficient) processes in wetlands & rice paddyfields (c.40% of total) Other natural sources –Animal digestive processes, cows can produce up to 200 litres a day! –Termites –Forest fires Anthropogenic sources –Fossil fuel combustion –Biomass burning –Disposal of refuse in landfill sites Sinks –Oxidized to CO 2 and H 2 O by complex photochemical reactions in troposphere Paddyfields Landfill site

15. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) Primary natural source –Microbial activity (nitrification) in soils and oceans Anthropogenic sources –Fossil fuel combustion –Biomass burning –Nylon, nitric acid & nitrogen fertilizer production Sinks –Oxidized to nitrogen oxides (NO X ) by photochemical reactions in stratosphere Fossil fuel combustion

16. CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons (11,12) Anthropogenic uses include: Used as coolants in refrigeration Propellants in aerosols Expanders in foam products Concentrations: Distinct increase in concentrations between 1960 - 1990 Impacts: Montreal Protocol – led to a huge decline

17. Tropospheric Ozone (O 3 ) Produced by a series of complex chemical reactions Including pollutants from car exhausts (nitrous oxide and Hydrocarbons reacting with sunlight) More vehicles = greater concentration thus increasing the ‘greenhouse effect’ Can damage human health and vegetation Key ingredient of ‘urban smog’

18. Greenhouse gases in Greenland ice cores Atmospheric concentrations of four greenhouse gases over the last 1,000 years as preserved within ice cores SO 4, CH 4, N 2 0 and CO 2 –All show fairly constant or very slowly increasing atmospheric concentrations before c.1800 AD –Increasingly rapid rise in atmospheric concentrations since c.1800 AD –Close correlation between atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and world population

19. NitrogenNeonNitrous OxideCFC – 11 OxygenHeliumHydrogenHelium ArgonMethaneXenonRadon C0 2 KryptonOzoneChlorine

20. Inert or not? 1.Look at the cards with gases and aerosols on which may or may not be present in the lower atmosphere 2.In pairs – categorise the gases 3.You must choose your own categories (try to have no more than 5)

21. Research questions… Read the article Highlight key facts or information throughout the passage Answer the questions (take note of the mark allocation for each question)