1. Waste Management

2. Waste management A course in quality and safety management in
Quality and safety issues in fish handling
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A course in quality and safety management in
fishery harbours in Sri Lanka
NARA, DFAR, ICEIDA and UNU-FTP
Icelandic International Development Agency (ICEIDA)
Iceland
United Nations University Fisheries Training Programme (UNU-FTP)
National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA)
Sri Lanka
Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DFAR)

3. Content Typical waste types Waste streams Pollutants and contaminants
Waste minimization and treatment
Pest control
Understand typical waste types, waste streams pollutants and contaminants, waste minimization and treatment and pest control

4. Learning objectives
After this lecture the participants will be familiar with:
typical waste streams and their origin
waste management in general and some specific suggestions for the harbours
how to implement effective pest control
Understand the typical waste streams and their origin and waste management system. and also implement the pest control system at the harbour.

5. Typical waste types at harbour
Fish offal and blood water
Video fish offal on floor and fishwaste
Video pumping from hold
Understand the present bad practices at the fishery harbour regarding fish offal and blood water.

6. Oil & Grease burning oil and oil spill Diesel, kerosene
Video waste oil and fish
Understand the waste oil and diesel spill out and its disposal.
Oil spill - general images

7. Toxic solid waste Non toxic solid waste
Open dump asbestos
Non toxic solid waste
Polythene, Regiform particles, Nets, water , bottles, used cans, food packing item, food particles..
Fish offal : Clip “fish offal on the peer” this slide shows how harbour water has been polluted by putting garbage into the harbour basin water.

8. Sewage and grey waste
Sewage is produced by human activities at the harbour and boats which typically contains washing water, laundry waste, faeces, urine and other liquid or semi-liquid wastes. It is one form of wastewater.
Dredging spoils
Understand how to form the sewage by human activities and sea water pollution by its contains released into the sea.

9. Typical waste streams
Understand the typical waste streams related to the fishery industry.

10. Pollutants and contaminants
Microbiological
Chemical
Oil pollution
Follow the main pollutants and contaminants as the microbiological chemical and oil pollution.

11. Microbiological contaminants
Coliform bacteria
Feacal coliforms
E.coli
Salmonella

12. Microbiological quality of water measured by NARA in Beruwala harbour basin
Understand the water quality at the Beruwela fishery harbour locking at water report on microbiological analysis done by NARA.

13. Chemical pollutants Heavy metals Pesticide residues
Residues of cleaning and disinfectant agents
Metal
Toxicity To
Human
Fish As
Very-High Cd
Medium Pb
High Hg
Heavey metals: Clip “Fishing in the harbour”

14. Waste minimization process and treatment
Waste reduction
- Proper handling of fish
Re-use
- Burn oil (engine oil) used for other purpose
Recycling
- Plastic bags and paper used for recycling
Waste reduction : Clip “Oil can in the harbour basin”

15. Waste Collection - Waste Containers
Outer container with cover
Understand the types of waste containers.
Metal \ Plastic Container with lid
Metal barrel

16. Burn oil barrels
Burn oil barrel used at some fishery harbour in Sri Lanka

17. Oily waste and oil spills
Oil pollution occurs in harbour basins when
leaks from shore facilities for the supply of diesel fuel to fishing vessels find their way into the harbour water
when vessels pump out oily bilge water in port
when used engine oil is dumped overboard
when an accident results in leakage of fuel oil.
A fishery harbour which is contiguous with the main harbour also faces the risk of major oil spills if the main port is a transfer point for crude oil or refined products from oil tankers.

18. Oily waste and oil spills, cont.
To mitigate oil pollution, the fishery harbour manager should take necessary action to:
Provide shore-based reception facilities for oily wastes (bilge water and spent oil) from vessels and
Minimise leaks while bunkering
In addition, he should be prepared to assist those responsible for containment and clean-up operations if a major oil spill occurs in the vicinity. Appropriate oil recovery tools like skimmers will prove useful in removing spilt oil from the harbour basin.

19. Waste disposal Dumping outside the harbour basin
Video – waste management
Collection by the municipal council
Disposal : “ Wheelbarrow man”
Collection by Municipal council
“ Dogs & Crows”

20. Fish offal ( by fishmeal or fish silage)
Solid fish waste is inevitable in a fishery harbour.
This may consist of :
discarded by catch (small fish of no commercial value)
viscera from the gutting of medium to large fish
fish heads and trimmings from the cutting of large fish.
Besides the health implications of this material decomposing within the harbour area, it also attracts pests, flies and domestic animals.
Fish offal may be disposed of in three ways depending on the local circumstances.
1. The offal may be returned to the sea by loading it on an approved vessel, which then dumps it a long distance offshore; a small handling levy can be imposed on landed fish to finance the operations of this vessel.
2. In very small quantities, the offal may be buried underground in pits at least two metres deep and covered with a minimum of 200 mm of earth to prevent infestation with flies and other pests and to accelerate the rotting process. This method is not suitable when groundwater tables are close to the surface.
3. When the quantity of offal is large, recycling into fish-meal should be encouraged; this usually gives rise to a cottage industry downstream from the landing process.

21. Fishmeal
Is a valuable source of protein for livestock and contains useful quantities of nutrients, vitamins and minerals.
Raw material for fish meal production:
should be reasonably fresh as spoilt fish may reduce the nutritional value of the fish meal
certain tropical fish (like puffer fish) contain toxins and should be excluded
must not be collected off the ground (free of sand and mud)

22. Fish silage
As an alternative use of fish waste and offal, fish silage for animal feed is another possibility.
Main advantage :
low energy and capital cost. Energy is required only to grind the fish and mix it with formic acid (2 - 3 %)
manufacture is not accompanied by an unpleasant odour
main advantage
low energy and capital cost. Energy is required only to grind the fish and mix it in formic acid (2 - 3 %) to reduce the pH level or a fermentable carbohydrate source and a culture of lactic acid producing bacteria.
manufacture is not accompanied by an unpleasant odour.
The addition of formic acid encourages the breakdown offish tissue by its own enzymes, while at the same time inhibiting the activity of spoilage bacteria. After one to three days, a stable free running liquid is obtained whose protein content is similar to that of the raw material. This liquid may be directly incorporated in feeding regimes for pigs, or it may be dried with a carbohydrate carrier like rice bran for feeding poultry.
Manufacture of silage is done by comminuting the raw material, mixing in the acid and allowing the product to liquify. On the small scale (batches of say 50 kg) these operations can be carried out manually.

23. Good drainage system for waste water Natural purification:
Waste water treatment
Good drainage system for waste water
Natural purification:
Sedimentation
Filtration
Purification before release
Septic tanks
Understand different waste water treatment system.

24. Pest control – current
So many dogs and crows are on the piers and in the auction halls
There is food for pests (Fish offal on the floor)
No fence around the harbour premises
No pest control system
Video – dog in auction hall
Video – crows
Video – Fish offal on floor
Understand current practices on pest control at the fishery harbour.

25. Pest control – improvement
All food (fish waste) should be put in waste bins and not on the floor
Fences around the harbour premises must be properly maintained
A pest control program should be in effect and properly implemented
Understand the pest control system can be applied at the fishery harbour.

26. Pest control program
Pests such as rats, mice, birds, insects, dogs and cats, should be kept off the harbour premises at all times.
All insecticides and fumigants should be used:
- In accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and government regulations
-In a manner that does not risk contamination of product
Understand the participants what are the important factors should be considered to use the chemical for Pest control.

27. References
Report of the expert consultation on cleaner fishery harbours and fish quality assurance (2000), Bay Of Bengal Programme (BOBP), Chennai, India.
R. Ravikumar, (1993). Guidelines for Cleaner Fishery Harbours, Bay Of Bengal Programme (BOBP), India.