1. Chapter 10 The Eastern Hemisphere A.D. 1000-1500

2. The East
From 1000 to 1500, connections between Africa, Asia, and Europe increased dramatically
Though they had different cultures, all three continents were linked by a complex pattern of trade routes

3. Major Trade Routes
Four major trade routes connected the continents during this era:
The Silk Road
The Indian Ocean trade network
The Trans-Saharan caravan route
The Mediterranean trade network

4. The Silk Road The Silk routes across Asia to the Mediterranean basin
It was used heavily by 100 B.C., and continued to carry trade up to the 17th Century

6. Indian Ocean Trade Network
Although many Asian goods traveled along the Silk Road, just as many traveled by sea. Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean
Ships linked the coastal areas of East Africa, Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, SE Asia, and China

8. The Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes
By 2500 B.C. the Saharan region had begun to dry up, becoming a major obstacle for travelers
Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa
Caravan routes had been established to navigate the Sahara by 1000 A.D.
Salt from the Saharan region was traded for gold from the Niger River Basin

10. The Mediterranean Trade Network
The Mediterranean Sea connected Europe to the other trade networks
Europe became connected to the Byzantine and Muslim Empires
Through those empires, Europe was connected with Russia, India, and China

11. The Mediterranean Trade Network
Mediterranean trade was dominated by Italian merchants
These merchants helped to bring knowledge and learning back to Europe, beginning a period called the Renaissance

13. Other Trade Networks
Northern and Eastern Europe were connected to the other trade routes thanks to the Black Sea
Rivers and seas were the usual method of trade in Western Europe
The lands of SE Asia were connected to China through the South China Sea

15. Continental Interaction
By 1000 A.D., the Eastern Hemisphere was highly connected thanks to trade
The three continents shared goods, ideas, technology, and religions
Trade had increased for two reasons:
Improved transportation
Peace and stability

16. Continental Interaction
Asia was very peaceful and stable during this period because of the power of two empires:
The Chinese Empire
The Abbasid Empire

17. Continental Interaction
Although the continents traded a wide variety of goods, major products included:
Gold from W. Africa
Spices from India and Indian ocean region
Porcelain from China and Persia
Textiles from India, China, the Mid-East, and later Europe
Amber from the Baltic region

20. Continental Interaction
Trade encouraged the spread of technology:
Crops began to be traded: wheat, rice, and especially sugar cane came from India
Waterwheels and windmills came from the middle east

21. Continental Interaction
Paper from China through the Muslim world to Byzantium and Western Europe
Improved navigational charts and lateen sail came from the Indian Ocean Region

22. Continental Interaction
Religions spread over the centuries:
Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan
Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia
Islam from the Mideast to West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia

23. Cultural Interaction Spread of religions across the hemisphere
Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan
Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia
Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia
Printing and paper money from China

24. Continental Interaction
Some interactions had negative effects:
Disease traveled along trade routes
In 1347 A.D. the bubonic plague, better known as the Black Death, reached Europe and killed millions
The Black Death came from ports along the Black Sea, carried by Italian merchant ships

26. Continental Interaction
Another negative interaction was the beginning of the African slave trade
Africans were traded for goods in W. Africa and moved along the Saharan caravan routes
In 1441, the Portuguese arrived on the Atlantic coast, beginning the slave trade that resulted in millions of Africans being sent to the Americas

28. Early Japan
Japan is off the Asian coast, east of China, separated by the Sea of Japan
It is in close proximity to China and Korea
Japan is a mountainous archipelago (group of islands), with 4 main islands

29. Early Japan
Japan adopted many ideas from China, and changed them to make them uniquely Japanese:
Pictographic writing
Architecture
Confucianism and Buddhism

31. Early Japan
Chinese influences merged with Japanese traditions to mold Japan’s culture
Buddhism became Japan’s state religion in 594
Buddhism coexisted with Japan’s ancient religion: Shinto

32. Shinto
Shinto is unique to Japan and was the early state religion and coexistance with Buddhism
It was often associated with the Imperial family and worshipped the emperor
The religion has no holy book, but emphasizes ritual cleanliness and many ceremonies in daily life

33. Shinto Important aspects of Shinto include:
Shrines at natural geographic locations
Worshipping forces of nature
Loyalty to family and praying to ancestors

34. Medieval Japan
Kyoto became the Japanese capital in 794, with the start of the Heian Period
The Heian broke off contacts with China
By 1000, Japan was completely isolated from China and Korea
The Heian government broke down due to incompetent aristocrats

36. Medieval Japan The Heian were replaced by the power of local princes
These princes were protected by warriors called samurai

37. Medieval Japan
In 1192, a military government called a shogunate was established
Shoguns controlled land and the local clans that lived on them
Their system was very similar to European feudalism

38. Axum
In 300 A.D. the kingdom of Axum gained control of the Red Sea trade routes
An Axum army conquered Kush in 350, securing their control of East Africa

39. Axum
Axum became a Christian kingdom after 324 A.D, when missionaries came to their ports
The Axumites were known for their stelae: large, decorated stone columns built to mark royal tombs

41. Axum
By 800 A.D., Arab merchants across the Red Sea had begun to control most of the trade passing through
Without trade fueling their economy, Axum quickly declined

42. Zimbabwe
In 1300 A.D., the nation of Zimbabwe had developed in southern Africa
Zimbabwe had developed along the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers
The nation centered around their capital of Great Zimbabwe
The people of Zimbabwe were efficient farmers and raised vast herds of cattle

44. Zimbabwe
The civilization declined by 1450, when Great Zimbabwe was abandoned because of two serious problems:
A shortage of salt
The exhaustion of grazing and timber resources

45. West African Kingdoms
By 800 A.D., kingdoms had grown to dominate trade in West Africa
They all developed south of the Sahara, in close proximity to the Niger River
Three major kingdoms developed one after the other: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai

47. Ghana
Ghana grew prosperous from the gold and salt trade in West Africa
Salt was necessary for flavoring and preserving foods
This trade was taxed by the king of Ghana, who was also a religious and military leader

49. Ghana
From , local chiefs maintained authority by paying taxes to the King
In the 11th Century, Muslim armies from North Africa invaded and had conquered Ghana by 1076

50. Mali
The empire of Mali was established by 1200 A.D., where Ghana had been
Mali was expanded by their great king, Mansa Musa
He governed efficiently through provincial governors
Numerous mosques were built under his rule

52. Mali Timbuktu became the most important city of the empire
It was the home of many Muslim doctors, scholars, and merchants
The city became a center of learning and trade
The city was lost to nomadic warriors in 1433

53. Songhai
By 1500 Mali had fallen and been replaced by the kingdom of Songhai
The Muslim leader Sonni Ali recaptured Timbuktu and built the new kingdom
His new kingdom was more centralized

54. Songhai
Kings of Songhai replaced traditional provincial rulers with royal appointees
Taxes, trade, and gold made Songhai a wealthy kingdom, like Ghana and Mali

55. Next Chapter…. The Western Hemisphere