1. Section 1: Mining and Railroads
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Section 1: Mining and Railroads
Standard Explain how states and the federal government encouraged business expansion through tariffs, banking, land grants, and subsidies.
Standard Discuss entrepreneurs, industrialists, and bankers in politics, commerce, and industry (e.g., Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Leland Stanford).

2. Boom and Bust Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Settlement of the West often came in a rush, but many boomtowns soon died out.
After the Gold Rush of 1849, miners spread out into the Sierra Nevada, the Rocky Mountains, and the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory.
In 1859, the Comstock Lode, a rich vein of gold ore, was discovered in the Sierra Nevada.
At the Comstock Lode, silver was also discovered; the silver turned out to be worth much more than the gold.
The Comstock Lode produced $300 million worth of silver and made Virginia City, Nevada a boomtown.

3. Boom and Bust Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Settlement of the West often came in a rush, but many boomtowns soon died out.
After the Civil War, prospectors found gold throughout the West.
In the 1890s, a gold find drew people from around the world to Alaska.
Nearly half the miners were foreign-born.
Few prospectors struck it rich
Mining camps turned into boomtowns.
Merchants set up shops and women opened restaurants.
Goods were expensive in boomtowns.

4. Boom and Bust Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Settlement of the West often came in a rush, but many boomtowns soon died out.
Miners formed groups of vigilantes, or self-appointed law keepers.
As boomtowns grew, local residents formed lasting forms of government.
Colorado, Dakota, and Nevada organized into territories in 1861.
Arizona and Idaho organized into territories in 1863.
Montana followed in 1864.
Many mining towns became ghost towns after the ore had been extracted.

5. The Railroad Boom Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Backed by federal aid, railroad companies had laid tracks from coast to coast by 1869.
Prior to1860, railroad lines ended at the Missouri River
The federal government began to offer subsidies, grants of land or money, to encourage companies to lay more track.
Railroads were given 10 square miles of land next to the track for every mile of track.
They also received federal loans.

6. The Railroad Boom Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Backed by federal aid, railroad companies had laid tracks from coast to coast by 1869.
In 1862, Leland Stanford and his partners won the right to build a rail line from San Francisco to the east.
Stanford’s Central Pacific would join the Union Pacific, a rail line from Omaha, Nebraska.
The railroads hired thousands of workers from the U.S., Mexico, Ireland, and China to build the lines of track.
On May 10, 1869, the two lines met at Promontory, Utah; Stanford drove the final spike into the last rail.

7. The Railroad Boom Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Backed by federal aid, railroad companies had laid tracks from coast to coast by 1869.
New towns sprang up in the West.
Rapid population growth allowed several new states to gain admission to the U.S.
Nevada in 1864
Colorado in 1876
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington in 1889
Idaho and Wyoming in 1890

8. Section 2: Native Americans Struggle to Survive
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Section 2: Native Americans Struggle to Survive
Standard Identify the reasons for the development of federal Indian policy and the wars with American Indians and their relationship to agricultural development and industrialization.

9. People of the Plains Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
At the end of the Civil War, some 360,000 Native Americans lived in the West, mainly on the Great Plains.
People of the Plains lived by gathering wild foods, hunting, and fishing; some raised crops.
Native Americans hunted buffalo, first on foot, and later, on horseback; the Spanish had introduced horses to North America.
They traded with the French and British for guns.
Native Americans of the Plains relied on the buffalo to meet many basic needs.

10. Broken Treaties Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
As miners and railroad crews pushed west, treaties were broken.
The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 promised to protect Native American land if they agreed to stop following buffalo herds.
Settlers soon moved into the area in breach of the agreement.
Miners swarmed to the area around Pikes Peak in Colorado when gold was discovered in 1859.
Treaties to protect Native American lands were quickly broken and wars broke out.

11. Broken Treaties Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Treaties to protect Native American lands were quickly broken and wars broke out.
In the early 1860s, new treaties forced Native Americans to give up more land around Pikes Peak.
Some warriors resisted.
The U.S. Cavalry attacked a band of peaceful Cheyennes at Sand Creek in eastern Colorado in 1864, killing 100 men, women, and children.
The Sand Creek Massacre helped to ignite an era of war.
Among the most feared soldiers were the Buffalo Soldiers, African American veterans of the Civil War.

12. Broken Treaties Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Treaties to protect Native American lands were quickly broken and wars broke out.
During the 1870s, the buffalo population seriously declined.
Railroads had hunters kill the animals to feed their crews.
Others hunted the buffalo for their hides, which brought high prices in eastern cities.
One hunter might kill 2,00 buffalo in a month.

13. Last Stand for Custer and the Sioux
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Last Stand for Custer and the Sioux
Warfare continued even as some Native American nations tried to adapt to life on reservations.
The southern Plains nations, the Kiowas, Comanches, and Arapahos, moved to reservations in Oklahoma.
Poor soil in Oklahoma made farming difficult.
Many Sioux and Cheyennes gathered on land set aside for them in the Black Hills of the Dakotas.
In 1874, miners flooded to the area in response to a gold strike.
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse led attacks to keep whites out.

14. Last Stand for Custer and the Sioux
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Last Stand for Custer and the Sioux
Warfare continued even as some Native American nations tried to adapt to life on reservations.
In June 1876, under orders to fore the Native Americans onto a reservation, Colonel George Armstrong Custer entered the Little Bighorn Valley in Montana Territory.
He attacked a large band of Sioux and Cheyennes.
Custer and all his men died at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
Within a year, the U.S. responded with an overwhelming number of soldiers who forced the Native Americans to live on reservations.

15. Other Efforts at Resistance
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Other Efforts at Resistance
Efforts by Native Americans to preserve their traditional way of life did not succeed.
The Nez Percés lived where Idaho, Oregon, and Washington now meet.
Under pressure, many agreed to go to a reservation.
Chief Joseph fled toward Canada with a large band of Nez Percés in 1877.
The U.S. army caught them near the border.
As Chief Joseph surrendered, he said, “I shall fight no more forever.”

16. Other Efforts at Resistance
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Other Efforts at Resistance
Efforts by Native Americans to preserve their traditional way of life did not succeed.
Navajos raised sheep, horses, and cattle in the Southwest.
White settlers called in the army when the Navajos raided for livestock.
After a series of wars, the Navajos were taken on a “Long Walk” to a spot near the Pecos River where they suffered years of disease and hunger.

17. Other Efforts at Resistance
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Other Efforts at Resistance
Efforts by Native Americans to preserve their traditional way of life did not succeed.
Apaches put up fierce resistance to the reservation lifestyle.
Geronimo led raids against settlers in Arizona and New Mexico for 10 years.
Upon his capture in 1886, he was sent to a reservation in Oklahoma.
Some Native Americans dreamed of a return to old ways.
When they began talking to their ancestors through a “Ghost Dance”, soldiers reacted to what they thought was an uprising.

18. Other Efforts at Resistance
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Other Efforts at Resistance
In December 1890, Sitting Bull was killed by police when they went to a Sioux village to stop the Ghost Dances.
A band of Sioux tried to flee to safety, but they were surrounded at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota.
As the Sioux were giving up their guns, U.S. troops opened fire with machine guns and rifles and nearly 200 Sioux men, women, and children were killed.
The Battle of Wounded Knee marked the end of the era of Indian Wars.
Efforts by Native Americans to preserve their traditional way of life did not succeed.

19. The Failure of Reform Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Hoping to improve Native American life, Congress passed the Dawes Act in 1887.
Native American males each received 160 acres to farm.
The act set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans.
The Dawes Act failed.
Many Native Americans sold their land cheaply to whites.
Many became dependent on the government for food and supplies.
The Dawes Act encourage Native Americans to become farmers, but it failed.

20. Section 3: Cattle Kingdom
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Section 3: Cattle Kingdom
Standard Trace patterns of agricultural and industrial development as they relate to climate, use of natural resources, markets, and trade and locate such development on a map.

21. The Rise of the Cattle Industry
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
The Rise of the Cattle Industry
The coming of railroads gave western ranchers a way to get cattle to distant markets.
For years, wild cattle wandered the open range, or unfenced lands, of Texas.
As railroads swept across the Plains in the 1860s, Texans saw a way to reach markets in the East and the West.
Ranchers hired cowhands to move the cattle to rail lines in Kansas, Missouri, and Wyoming.

22. The Rise of the Cattle Industry
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
The Rise of the Cattle Industry
The coming of railroads gave western ranchers a way to get cattle to distant markets.
In spring, cowhands would go on a cattle drive, the herding and moving of cattle over long distances, that would last two to three months.
Cattle drives followed well-worn trails such as, the Chisholm Trail from San Antonio, Texas to Abilene, Kansas

23. The Rise of the Cattle Industry
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
The Rise of the Cattle Industry
Cowhands, working long hours for low pay, learned skills developed earlier by Spanish and Mexican vaqueros.
Life on the trail was hard and dangerous.
Cowhands struggled to keep cattle out of harm.
Thieves were a constant concern.
Cowhands could spend 18 hours a day in the saddle.
They earned wages of less than $1 a day.
Cowhands learned their skills from Spanish and Mexican vaqueros, the Spanish word for cowhand, or cowboy.

24. The Rise of the Cattle Industry
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
The Rise of the Cattle Industry
Cowhands, working long hours for low pay, learned skills developed earlier by Spanish and Mexican vaqueros.
Cowhands learned their skills from Spanish and Mexican vaqueros, the Spanish word for cowhand, or cowboy.
The cowboy had came from the Mexican sombrero, or “hat that provides shade.”
Approximately one third of all western cowhands were Mexican.

25. The Wild West Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
The West gained an exaggerated reputation for lawlessness and violence.
In 1867, Joseph McCoy, an Illinois businessman, founded Abilene, Kansas, where the Chisholm Trail met the Kansas Pacific Railroad.
Abilene was the first cow town, or settlement at the end of a cattle trail.
Rival cow towns such as Wichita and Dodge City, Kansas, soon sprang up along rail lines.
Dance halls, saloons, hotels, and restaurants served the cowboys.

26. The Wild West Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
The West gained an exaggerated reputation for lawlessness and violence.
Soon, the myth of the West as a place of violence, adventure, and endless opportunity spread to the East.
Easterners called it the Wild West.
The myth of the Wild West had some basis in fact.
Over time, the West would be controlled by large ranching and mining businesses.
Towns quieted down and became peaceful communities.

27. Boom and Bust in the Cattle Kingdom
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Boom and Bust in the Cattle Kingdom
Overstocking and a spell of bad weather eventually put an end to the cattle boom.
The cattle boom lasted from the 1860s to the 1880s.
The region dominated by the cattle industry and its ranches, trails, and cow towns came to be called the cattle kingdom.
At the height of the cattle boom, ranchers could buy a young calf for $5 and sell a mature steer for $60.
By the mid-1880s, more than 7 million cattle roamed the open range.

28. Boom and Bust in the Cattle Kingdom
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Boom and Bust in the Cattle Kingdom
Overstocking and a spell of bad weather eventually put an end to the cattle boom.
The population could not be sustained.
In 1886 and 1887, a cycle of scorching summers and frigid winters killed millions of cattle.
An economic depression caused a drop in demand for beef.
Giant cattle ranches slowly gave way to smaller ranches that grew their own feed.
Large roundups and long cattle drives vanished.

29. Section 4: Farming in the West
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Section 4: Farming in the West
Standard Trace patterns of agricultural and industrial development as they relate to climate, use of natural resources, markets, and trade and locate such development on a map.
Standard Explain how states and the federal government encouraged business expansion through tariffs, banking, land grants, and subsidies.
Standard Identify the characteristics and impact of Grangerism and Populism.

30. Homesteading Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Would-be settlers could get a homestead from the government or land from railroad companies.
During the Civil War, Congress passed the Homestead Act of 1862.
It offered a 160-acre plot to anyone who resided on the land for five years.
Thousands became homesteaders, settlers who acquired free land from the government, on the Great Plains.
Only one in three homesteaders lasted the required five years.

31. Homesteading Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
Would-be settlers could get a homestead from the government or land from railroad companies.
Railroads recruited thousands of people from the eastern U.S., Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavia to settle on the Great Plains.
Recruits were given some of the 180 million acres the railroads had gotten from the government.

32. A Hard Life on the Plains
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
A Hard Life on the Plains
New techniques and inventions helped settlers adapt to the difficult life on the Plains.
The first farmers on the eastern Plains staked out sites near water and trees.
Later settlers in the western Plains faced a drier climate.
The soil was fertile, but it was covered with a thick sod, a surface layer of earth in which the roots of grasses tangle with soil.
Early settlers used the sod to make homes.

33. A Hard Life on the Plains
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
A Hard Life on the Plains
New techniques and inventions helped settlers adapt to the difficult life on the Plains.
In 1877, John Deere of Illinois invented a sodbusting plow made of steel.
Plains farmers, or sodbusters used machines called drills to plant crops.
The drills allowed them to bury seeds deep where there was moisture.
Inventions like the reaper and thresher allowed farmers to harvest and process grains.

34. A Hard Life on the Plains
Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
A Hard Life on the Plains
New techniques and inventions helped settlers adapt to the difficult life on the Plains.
Whole families worked on the farms.
Men labored from dawn to dusk.
Children tended animals and helped with other chores.
Women helped plant and harvest; they educated children, nursed the sick, sewed clothing, preserved food, and made basic items like soap and candles.

35. A Last Rush for Land Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
In April 1889, nearly 100,000 people gathered at a line near present-day Oklahoma City.
These people called “boomers” had come to claim some of the 2 million acres of free homesteads in former Indian Territory.
A few people, known a sooners, had already snuck onto the land; they jumped from hiding and grabbed the best land.
In 1890, the U.S. no longer had land available for homesteading.
A rush for land in Oklahoma in 1889 signaled the closing of the western frontier.

36. Farmers Organize Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
As farmers became more efficient, prices fell due to surpluses.
Small farmers lost their land.
Some communities began to form granges, groups of farmers who met for lectures, sewing bees, and other events.
In 1867, local granges joined to form the National Grange.
In the 1870s and 1880s, Grangers elected state officials who passed laws to limit the rates of railroads and warehouses.
Facing an economic crisis, farmers formed groups like the National Grange and the Populist Party.

37. Farmers Organize Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
A group called the Farmers’ Alliance organized in the 1870s to help farmers.
It set up farm cooperatives, groups of farmers who pool their money to make large purchases of tools, seed, and other supplies at a discount.
In 1892, unhappy farmers joined with labor unions to form the Populist Party.
Facing an economic crisis, farmers formed groups like the National Grange and the Populist Party.

38. Farmers Organize Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
The party demanded public ownership of railroads and warehouses to control rates, a tax on income to replace property taxes, an eight-hour workday, and other reforms.
Populists wanted to use silver in addition to gold as a basis for the money supply.
Populists hoped to see inflation, or a general rise in prices to raise grain prices; a rise in grain prices would help farmers pay off their debts.
Facing an economic crisis, farmers formed groups like the National Grange and the Populist Party.

39. Farmers Organize Chapter 13 The West Transformed (1860 – 1896)
The Populists supported Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the election of 1896.
Bryan, known as the “Great Commoner” won the votes of farmers in the South and West for supporting the use of silver to raise prices.
Bankers and business owners claimed rising prices would ruin the economy.
They backed Republican William McKinley and his gold-alone policy.
McKinley won.
Facing an economic crisis, farmers formed groups like the National Grange and the Populist Party.