1. Chapter 14 A LIGHT IN THE DARKNESS PT II

2.  The invasions of the Vikings weakened the forces of European unity and expansion.  These acts resulted in violence and dislocation which caused”  isolation,  population to diminish,  the monasteries again became outposts of civilization. LOSING AND REGAINING FOCUS

3.  The Roman Catholic Church became organized into an elaborate hierarchy with the pope as the head in western Europe.

4.  The late Middle Ages were characterized by conflict.  Towns and cities began to grow in alarming numbers, and wanted to have their own self- control.  They wanted to be free of outside leadership. One result of this struggle was the intensification of political and social thinking.

5.  During the Middle Ages, the Church was a major part of everyday life.  The Church served to give people spiritual guidance and it served as their government as well.

6.  Communication with Eastern Church cut off b/c of invasions  Differences began to divide the Eastern with the Western Church A SERIOUS BREAK

7.  East – used Greek for liturgy  Priests allowed to marry  No statues just pictures  Authority was patriarch in Constantinople  West – Latin  Priest – not marry  Statues were permitted  Pope in Rome authority DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EASTERN AND WESTERN CHURCHES

8.  Political rivalry between Rome and Constantinople  1054  Patriarch of Const. during liturgy given a papal letter of excommunication  Eastern bishop responded by excommunicating the Pope  Orthodox Church  Roman Church THE GREAT SCHISM

9.  1965 excommunication of each church removed  We pray that “we may all be one.”  Ecumenism – respect for one another through honest dialogue.  Second Vatican Council  Union of all Christian Churches as Jesus founded

10.  Series of mi  Series of military campaigns to allow Christian pilgrims to go to the Holy Land  Holy Wars  Pope Urban II – called first crusade  Won, but great loss of lives  8 crusades in over 200 years.  Most won by Muslims THE CRUSADES

11.  End of 10 th century relations between religions were tolerated  Christians allowed to pilgrimage to Jerusalem even though held by Muslims  Turks were expanding eastern empire and attacked some pilgrims  Pope Urban II sent 1 st crusade HOW THE CRUSADES BEGAN

12.  Prevent persecutions of pilgrims  Win back the Holy Land  Stop fighting between feudal lords of Europe. They would join together for a united cause  Heal break between the east and west WHY POPE URBAN II BEGAN THE CRUSADES

13.  Stirred up enthusiasm for Christian faith  Opened doors between east and west  Pilgrimages promoted  A renewed devotion to the Passion of Christ  Way of the Cross intro to Europe  Brought commerce and trade  More people moved to city around church POSITIVES - CRUSADES

14.  Atrocities committed by Christians and Muslims  Some only to get rich  Further trouble between east and west churches NEGATIVES - CRUSADES

15.  2000 Pope John Paul II issued an apology for the wrongs committed by some member of the Church during the Crusades.  “The Church cannot cross the threshold of the new millennium without encouraging her children to purify themselves through repentance of past errors and infidelity, inconsistency and slowness to act.

16.  During Middle Ages heretics were considered traitors since church and state were united  Heretics put on trial in hopes they would change their minds  Many were severely tortured THE SEARCH FOR HERETICS

17.  13 th century  Official Catholic court to examine, investigate, and punish those accused of heresy  Severe torture was inflicted upon the Moors (Muslims) and Jews. INQUISITION

18.  Church influenced life of the people  All governed by Church law  People looked to the Church to meet spiritual and physical needs  All celebrated Church feasts  All went to Church schools A BLEND OF CHURCH AND STATE

19.  St Francis of Assisi  Rich  Sold everything  Teach, preach, caring for poor  Franciscans  Mendicant Order – lived like Christ w/o land or money  Reminded Church to live Gospel of poverty and concern for poor A LIGHT TO THOSE IN NEED

20.  Dominicans  Carmelites  Capuchins  Augustinians  Vows of poverty, chastity and obedience  Lived in cities  Begged for food (mendicant) OTHER RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES

21.  Benedictine monks  Stayed in their monasteries

22.  St Dominic  Wealthy Spanish noble  Became priest  Need for scholars and preachers who lived poor lives  Dominicans  Founded many universities CENTER OF LIGHT; THE UNIVERSITIES

23.  As student: slow in giving answers  “dumb ox”  Great Catholic writer and thinker  Summa Theologiae (summary of theology) explanation of Catholic beliefs ST. THOMAS AQUINAS