1. The Counter Reformation

2. Counter Reformation
Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation
“Counter-Reformation” invented by German Protestant historians.
Not liked by Catholic historians, but now generally accepted.

3. Ingredients of the Counter Reformation
Humanism
Secularism
Religious Warfare
New versions of the Bible
Vernacular
Science
Renewed religious emotionalism
Baroque Art

4. Pope Paul III (1534 – 1539) The first “Counter-Reformation” pope
Viewed the church “as a fortress to be guarded, defended, and kept on the alert”

5. Council of Trent (1545 – 1563)
Debated the legitimacy of Protestant theology.
Most attendees were Italian bishops.

6. Council of Trent ( )
Defined Catholicism for the next 400 years
All medieval church law was valid
Latin would remain official language
Re-emphasized the importance of “good works” and “faith”
No change to sacraments
No more money for indulgences
Priests must be educated

7. Roman Inquisition What is an Inquisition?
A tribunal designed to find heretics and bring them to justice
How does it work?
Accusation
Anyone could testify against you
No attorney
No appeals
Torture allowed

8. Inquisition Punishments
Go to church
Take a pilgrimage
Wear a “cross of infamy”
Imprisonment (if you confessed)
Burned at the stake (if you didn’t)
What if you begged for mercy?
They’d strangle and then burn you
What if you died before the trial ended?
They dug up your body and burned you

9. Results of the Inquisitions?
About 5,000 people burned
Land and property of all heretics seized by Church
Persecution of scientists
Witch hunts

10. Scientists Copernicus Bruno Sun is center of universe
Excommunicated (posthumously)
Banned his books
Bruno
Believed in aliens and that Bible was not divine
Burned at the stake

11. Galileo Warned by Church to stop Wrote books in Italian
“Scriptures teach us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go.”
Threatened with torture
Galileo backed down
Galileo was acquitted
in 1992

12. Roman Index of Prohibited Books
Process of reviewing and censoring books
Galileo’s books on list until 1835
All Protestant works
Any Bible not in Latin
Some books on the list until 1960s

13. Roman Missal
A uniform liturgy for the Mass that would be used in every Catholic church throughout the world.

14. Jesuits New religious order devoted to teaching Catholicism
Extremely militant, well-educated men focused on revival of Catholicism
Loyola was their first leader

15. Jesuits and Education
Jesuits established excellent schools across Europe
Many famous Europeans educated by Jesuits
Descartes
Voltaire
Even Protestants attended
Ratio studiorum became the model for modern universities
The Ratio studiorum “turned out to be the most significant single document in Jesuit educational history. It became the instrument that made the Jesuits, even in the eyes of their opponents, ‘the schoolmasters of Europe.’ They used the document in such a way that it lifted the mediocre to the level of the good, and the good to the level of the excellent. For four centuries, the Ratio impacted not just the Church, but the world. Never before or since have we seen such a comprehensive and effective universal educational program.“This success was even longer in the making than at first appears. It emerged from half a century of continuous experience and collaboration, but it was rooted in a far older, far wider web of evolving educational techniques and enterprises: the teaching style that Ignatius had found at the University of Paris, the Renaissance humanist movement, high medieval scholasticism, and earlier medieval training in manners at cathedral schools. There was also a definite classical background, namely, that ancient rhetorical training of Greco-Roman culture, especially as it had been systematized by the Latin-Spanish author Quintilian. But the Ratio did not, for all its pedigree, stand far from a rather large fund of contemporary common-sense and experience and practical wisdom. When the Society of Jesus added to this mixture a powerful evangelical orientation to final ends and a rapidly expanding international corporate effort, it transformed the entire pedagogical universe of early modernity.” (Claude Pavur, St. Louis University, The Great Ratio).
[JESUITS]. Ratio atque Institutio Studiorum. Per sex patres ad idiussu R. P. Prapositi Generalis deputatos conscripta. Rome: Francisco Zanetti for Collegium Societatis Jesu, 1586.Cum Facultate Superiorum. Small octavo, nineteenth-century three-quarter morocco. $16,000. Extremely scarce 1586 first edition of the famous Ratio studiorum, outlining the educational system of the Jesuits. One of the foundational documents of modern thought: through its influence, the Ratio studiorum shaped and defined the system of higher education for the entire Western world.