1. Tefko Saracevic 1 Diversity in digital libraries Related types, institutions, forms

2. 2 ToC Note on diversity Examples of: National libraries Academic libraries Public libraries Borne digital libraries Museums Subject resources Societies, organizations Books on the Web Archiving the Web Conclusions Tefko Saracevic

3. 3 Diversity? Digital libraries come not only from libraries (academic, public, national …), but from many other institutions & subjects not at all connected with a given library (academic, public, national …) Many shapes, forms Variety of context & content many specific subject oriented Most importantly: Used by a variety of users & for a variety of uses Tefko Saracevic

4. 4 But are they DLibs? Question could be asked: but are they ALL digital libraries? Or are they just portals because they cover and organize digital resources? when is a portal (links, ecatalog) also a digital library? A broad view: if they are organized & used for accessing information resources why not consider them DLibs? users do not care what they are called or how are they classified Tefko Saracevic

5. 5 National libraries - US Library of Congress Library of Congress : American Memory Project historical materials –no. of sites Of course, there is a LoC BlogLoC Blog Digital Libraries Federation not a national library, but took over from LoC many functions of the National Digital Library that was at LoC National Library of Medicine National Agricultural Library National Archives Tefko Saracevic

6. 6 National libraries - global The European Library  Search through resources of European National Libraries Europeana “cultural collections of Europe” Die Deutsche Bibliothek Bibliothèque Nationale de France includes Gallica – digital libraryGallica The British Library includes Turning the PagesTurning the Pages Vatican Library includes Vatican Secret ArchivesVatican Secret Archives National Library of New Zealand several demonstration collections in various fields free DLib software they developed The National Library of China National Library of Singapore Bibliotheca Alexandrina Bibliotheca Alexandrina (Egypt) – not a national library, but close Biblioteca National Biblioteca National (Mexico) African Online Digital LibraryAfrican Online Digital Library – international undertaking, work in progress National & University Library – Croatia includes Digital HeritageDigital Heritage Tefko Saracevic

7. 7 Academic libraries California Digital Library unifies all libraries in UofC system Univ of Michigan Harvard Univ Library system of over 80 libraries; open access to digital collectionsdigital collections Univ of Utah also houses Ski ArchiveSki Archive University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Cambridge University Library includes Open Access movementOpen Access movement Oxford University Oxford University, also houses Bodleian LibraryBodleian Library with unique historical collectionshistorical collections browse further through LibWebLibWeb Tefko Saracevic

8. 8 Public libraries US: New York Public Library many research collections; branch libraries; includes Digital GalleryDigital Gallery Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Library System including KidClicksKidClicks Montclair Public Library including link to Listen NJListen NJ Los Angeles Public LibraryLos Angeles Public Library – e.g. check databases available, photocollection or TeenWebTeenWeb International: Toronto Public Library including Virtual Reference LibraryVirtual Reference Library Aarhus Public Libraries Aarhus Public Libraries (Denmark) City of Swan Libraries City of Swan Libraries (Australia) Tefko Saracevic

9. 9 Borne digital Libraries emerging only on the Web Virtual Library Switzerland, US, UK & other countries – ‘oldest virtual library on the Web ’ Internet Public Library Internet Public Library hosted at Drexel - merged with Librarians' Internet Index (LII). Academic Info Digital Library many links to digital collections & resources in various subjects Ibiblio U North Carolina “the largest "collections of collections" on the Internet” “Public’s library and digital archive” International Children's Digital Library among others, read children books in great many languages Tefko Saracevic

10. 10 Museums Museum of online museums a delight The State Hermitage Museum One of the greatest museums in the world, and one of the best museum site – developed with IBM help –take a virtual tour National Museum of Science and Technology Leonardo da Vinci MuseumStuff.com “We have 1000's of museums, zoos, historical societies and related organizations in our database” Muzej Grada Splita A number of collections Arheoloski Muzej Zadar Tefko Saracevic

11. 11 Subject resources Many subject specific sites available new coming up all the time rich & often unique coverage & services different approaches & requirements should they also be considered as DLibs? High use in their own subjects or for given tasks Most are independent of libraries many developed with government funding some clearly commercial Many lead to other subject resources Tefko Saracevic

12. 12 subject resources … Humanities Perseus Digital Library Perseus Digital Library Tufts University covers antiquity to renaissance; one of the best subject sites on the web; affected the whole field KIRKE KIRKE - Katalog der Internetressourcen für die Klassische Philologie aus Berlin German; a variety of resources for classics Diotima Materials for study of women and gender in the Ancient World Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy a comprehensive encyclopedia and library Abraham Lincoln Historic Digitization Project And of course… at CornellCornell Tefko Saracevic

13. 13 subject resources… Government, official U Mich Document Center  official documents from all over the world US State Department about the U.S & other countries FirstGov the US government official web portal Dag Hammarskjöld Library Dag Hammarskjöld Library (UN) News New York Times article archive New York Times article archive 1851 – present Newspaper Archive “the largest historical newspaper database online, contains tens of millions of newspaper pages from 1753 to present.” Requires paid membership Tefko Saracevic

14. 14 subject resources … Health WebMDHealth news, medical information Rxlist Internet Drug Index Mayo Clinic HealthOasis health advice Kidshealth sites for parents, kids, teens Science ArXivArXiv Cornell U, National Science Foundation e-print service in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology Ocean Planet Ocean Planet NASA presentation of earth & its vast oceans Public Library of Science advocacy of open access Encyclopedia of Life an ambitious project – key info about life on earth – in progress Tefko Saracevic

15. 15 subject resources … Moving Images Collections “MIC documents moving image collections around the world.” Part particularly oriented toward science educators. Now at Library of Congress, but developed at Rutgers And, of course … Snoopy The Official Peanuts Website Tefko Saracevic

16. 16 Societies, organizations Many societies, agencies developed their sites great many rich sources for searching & resources differences in requirements, depth, richness major (sometimes only) access point to societal or subject literature Societal pages, but available through RUL (Indexes and databases) PsycINFOPsycINFO (psychological literature from the 1800s to the present) Am Psychology Assoc ASIST Digital Library American Society for Information Science & Technology ACM Portal ACM Portal – Digital Library Association for Computing Machinery MLA International Bibliography Modern Language Association Tefko Saracevic

17. 17 Books on the Web Million Book Project digitizing books and providing free access Digital books Index “... provides links to more than 165,000 full-text digital books from more than 1800 commercial and non- commercial publishers, universities, and various private sites. More than 140,000 of these books, texts, and documents are available free.” includes list of eBooks: Libraries, Librarianship, Electronic LibrarianshipeBooks: Libraries, Librarianship, Electronic Librarianship Google Books started with several universities, but mushroomed globally Project Gutenberg “Project Gutenberg is the first and largest single collection of free electronic books, or eBooks.” Tefko Saracevic

18. 18 Archiving the Web Web sites are highly unstable – they disappear, change one of the worst feature of the Web “digital dark ages” Several projects try to archive the Web mammoth undertaking Internet Archive 85 billion Web pages archived Includes: Wayback Machine on Internet Archive search for old versions of Web pages CyberCemetery “permanent public access to the Web sites and publications of defunct U.S. government agencies and commissions.” Tefko Saracevic

19. 19 Conclusion Wide and constantly increasing diversity of DLibs & related collection & portals suggests several issues traditional libraries are not traditional any more but come in many DLib forms many new “players” have entered the arena particularly in subject areas Tefko Saracevic

20. 20 conclusions … Web companies & libraries are joining hands in book digitization e.g. Google project in providing cataloging & holdings information Some libraries are providing model DLibs e.g. LoC American Memory – example copied widely But at the end most important is their usefulness Tefko Saracevic

21. 21 … a few more fun examples Smithsonian 1996 campaign Web sites1996 campaign Web sites “how presidential candidates and parties first used the Web.” ASIST SIG/CON archive maintained by Candy Schwartz, Simmons CollegeCandy Schwartz you can see her Digital Libraries – course resourcesDigital Libraries – course resources Humorous phases of funny faces from LoC – a 1906 film Tefko Saracevic

22. 22