1. Designing with Nature 1

2. The Importance of Climate-Appropriate Design 2

3. Climate-Appropriate Design Climate Zones For energy code compliance, North America is separated into 7 climate zones, each with special recommendations for: 1. insulation levels and ventilation 2. configurations of crawlspaces and attics 3. foundation types. 3 www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/residential/climate_zones.html

4. Cold and Very Cold Climate Zone Zones 5, 6 & 7 Cold and very cold climates present several challenges for home building. In the cold and very cold climates, houses must be nimble in response to changing temperature and moisture conditions. 4

5. Hot-Dry and Mixed-Dry Climate Zone Zones 2 & 3 The intense solar radiation imposes a large thermal load on houses that can increase cooling costs, affect comfort, and damage home furnishings. 5

6. Hot and Humid Climate Zone Zone 1 Hot and humid climates present some of the same challenges for home building as in the Hot-Dry zones. High humidity and high rainfall is significant problem. Significant levels of moisture most of the year. Air-conditioning is installed in most new homes, cold surfaces are present and condensation can occur. Controlling the infiltration of moisture-laden air are major goals of design and construction in this climate zone. 6

7. Marine Climate Zone Zones 3 & 4 Marine The marine climate covers a narrow band from the Canadian border south to the county boundary separating Ventura and Los Angeles California. The marine climate was designated in recognition of the mild temperatures and moist conditions found along the coast. 7

8. Mixed-Humid Climate Zone Zone 4 Homes in the mixed-humid climate are faced with a substantial heating season with monthly average temperatures dropping below 45ºF. The summers can have soaring humidity. 8

9. Mixed Climate Best Practices (Zone 4) Homes in mixed-humid climates are faced with a significant heating season as well as a cooling season with significant latent load. 1. Reducing solar gain. 2. Correct sizing of air conditioning systems is important in the control of interior humidity. 3. Over sizing air conditioning systems in this climate typically leads to moisture problems. 9 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

10. Building Design, Systems Engineering, and Commissioning for Mixed Climates Design for Energy Performance Energy performance 40% better than the 1995 Model Energy Code (Base house i.e. equal to 10% better than Energy Star performance requirements). 10 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

11. Systems Engineering (Mixed Climates) Design structure using advanced framing methods. Design structure to accommodate duct distribution system placing all ducts and air handling equipment within conditioned space. Design and detail structure for durability, wall and roof assembly drying potential, continuous drainage plane, and continuous thermal barriers that clearly defines the conditioned space. 11 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

12. Commissioning - Performance Testing (Mixed Climates) Air Leakage Blower door depressurization testing Less than 2.5 square inches/100 square feet surface area leakage ratio OR 0.25 CFM/square foot of building enclosure surface area at a 50 Pa air pressure differential. 12 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

13. Commissioning - Performance Testing (Mixed Climates) Duct Leakage Ducts distributing conditioned air, should be limited to 5.0 percent of the total air handling system rated air flow at high speed. (Nominal 400 CFM per ton) determined by pressurization testing at 25 Pa. 13 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

14. Commissioning - Performance Testing (Mixed Climates) Forced air systems should be designed to supply airflow to all conditioned spaces and zones (bedrooms, hallways, basements) and provide a return path from all conditioned spaces or zones. Inter-zonal air pressure differences, when doors are closed, should be limited to 3 Pa. * Mechanical ventilation system airflow should be tested during commissioning of the building. 14 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

15. Site - Drainage, Pest Control, and Landscaping (Mixed Climates) Drainage Site grading and landscaping should be planned for building run-off. Roof drainage directed at least 3 feet beyond the building, surface grade of at least 5% maintained for at least 10 feet around and away from the entire structure. 15 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

16. Site - Drainage, Pest Control, and Landscaping (Mixed Climates) Pest Control Based on local code and Termite Infestation Probability (TIP) maps. Use environmentally-appropriate termite treatments, bait systems, and treated building materials that are near or have ground contact http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts.htm http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts.htm 16 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

17. Site - Drainage, Pest Control, and Landscaping (Mixed Climates) Landscaping Plantings should be held back 18 inches from the finished structure. Supporting irrigation directed away from the finished structure. Decorative ground cover - mulch or pea gravel, no more than 2” in depth for the first 18”. 17 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

18. Foundation - Moisture Control (Mixed Climates) Foundation Moisture Control The building foundation shall be designed and constructed to prevent the entry of moisture and other soil gases. * Sub-slab drainage shall consist of a granular capillary break directly beneath the slab vapor retarder.* Use radon resistant construction practices. * 18 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

19. Foundation - Energy Performance (Mixed Climates) Energy Performance - Slabs at the perimeter. * - Consider the use of borate-treated rigid insulation on the slab perimeter. 19 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

20. Envelope - Moisture Control (Mixed Climate) Moisture Control Water management - Roof and wall assemblies must provide drainage in a continuous manner over the entire surface area of the building enclosure.* Vapor management - Roof and wall assemblies must contain elements that, individually and in combination, permit drying of interstitial spaces. No plastic sheeting in walls. 20 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

21. Envelope – Energy Performance (Mixed Climate) Energy Performance Air leakage: Exterior air flow retarder - foam sheathing; Interior air flow retarder - gypsum board sealed at frameing. * Windows: 1. U-factor 0.35 or lower and SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient) 0.35 or less, regardless of climate. 2. Climate-specific glazing properties if passive solar orientation and design can be employed by the builder and occupants employ proper window treatments and their use. 21 www.buildingscienceconsulting.com/designsthatwork/mixedhumid/bestpractices.htm

22. Mechanicals / Electrical / Plumbing (Mixed Climate) HVAC Systems Engineering HVAC system design, both equipment and duct, should be done as an integral part of the architectural design process. HVAC system sizing should follow ACCA Manual J and duct sizing should follow Manual D Mechanical ventilation should be an integral part of the HVAC system design 22

23. Mechanicals / Electrical / Plumbing (Mixed Climate) Energy Performance Air conditioner / heat pump shall be installed according to best practices. Major appliances meet high-energy efficiency standards using current appliance ratings. 23

24. Mechanicals / Electrical / Plumbing (Mixed Climate) Occupant Health and Safety Best Practice Base Ventilation: Controlled mechanical ventilation minimum of 15 CFM per master bedroom and 7.5 CFM for each additional bedroom (when the building is occupied.)* -Zones Inside the Home- Intermittent Spot Ventilation: 100 CFM for each kitchen, range hoods must be vented to the outside (no re-circulating hoods). Intermittent spot ventilation of 50 CFM, or continuous ventilation of 20 CFM when the building is occupied should be provided for each washroom/bathroom. 24

25. Occupant Health and Safety cont….. Occupant Health and Safety All combustion appliances in the conditioned space: must be sealed combustion or power vented. Designs that incorporate passive combustion air supply openings or outdoor supply air ducts not directly connected to the appliance should be avoided. Provide filtration systems for forced air systems that provide a minimum atmospheric dust spot efficiency of 30% or MERV of 6 or higher. Indoor humidity should be maintained in the range of 25 to 60% by controlled mechanical ventilation, mechanical cooling, or dehumidification. 25

26. Occupant Health and Safety cont….. Occupant Health and Safety Carbon monoxide detectors (hard-wired units) one per every approximate 1000 square feet) in any house with combustion appliances and/or an attached garage. Information relating to the safe, healthy, comfortable operation and maintenance of the home and systems provided to homeowner. 26

27. Envelope/Mechanicals Management (Mixed Climate) Envelope/Mechanicals Management Plumbing - No plumbing in exterior walls. Air seals (caulking etc.) around plumbing penetrations in rim (band) joist or ceiling. Electrical - Seals around wires penetrating air barrier or pressure boundary.* 27

28. Other Climate Design Criteria Seismic Zone Basic Wind Speed Soil bearing Snow load Frost line Flood zones Fire hazard zones Water accessibility 28 US seismic zones

29. Climate Induced Design Examples VERY Cold and Windy 29

30. Climate Induced Design Examples Local materials Natural ventilation 30

31. Climate Induced Design Examples Material availability 31

32. Climate Induced Design Examples Hot and dry climate 32

33. Climate Induced Design Examples Limited space 33

34. What is Passive Solar Design? Passive solar design strategies: – Building orientation and room layout – Thermal mass design – Insulation, air sealing, duct sealing details – High efficiency HVAC – Window design and placement – Window efficiency characteristics – Overhang height and width 34

35. Thermal Mass Sizing Specific heat: – Concrete = 0.20 Btu/ degree-pound – Water = 1 Btu/ degree-pound Concrete -- 3 to 6 square feet of 4” to 6” thick concrete per square foot of South-facing glass (1 cu ft of mass per sq ft of glass) Water – ½ cubic foot per square foot of glass (about 4 gallons) Thinner mass works better in eastern U.S. – cloudier winters 35

36. Select an appropriate mass color Dark Medium Light No Covering VinylCarpet

37. Indirect Gain (Trombe Walls) Using a Trombe wall is the most common indirect-gain approach.

38. Solar Geometry, Fenestration, Natural Ventilation 38

39. Solar Pathfinder

40. Sun Chart for 34 degrees N. Latitude 40

41. Building Geometry Related to the Local Environment 41

42. Overhang Design Climate Zone 4 1’ of overhang = 3.8’ of shading for the summer

43. -Overhang Design- The average temperature for a given day is 55°F (NOAA) Since this value is ten degrees lower than the reference point of 65°F then one would say this is a ten degree-day. Moderate climates- below 6,000 Heating Degree Days (HDD): Base 65°F [18°C]) and below 2,600 cooling degree days (CDD)* (at base 75°F [22°C]) Locate shadow line at window sill using the June 21 (summer solstice) sun angle. Overhang Design cont…

44. Typical Climate Values--Zone 4

45. Other Shading Options

46. Natural Cooling Dehumidification and moisture control Overhangs on south side Tree shading, solar screens* on east and west Vegetation around house to reduce ground reflected sunlight Interior fans for air movement 46

47. Natural Cooling 47

48. What is a Fenestration? Products that fill openings in a building envelope, such as windows, doors, skylights, curtain walls, etc., designed to permit the passage of air, light, vehicles, or people. 48

49. Sun Tubes 49

50. Low E Windows 50

51. Low-E Windows cont… Low-emissivity (Low-E) coatings are microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on a window or skylight glazing surface primarily to reduce the U-Factor by suppressing radiant heat flow. 51

52. Window U-Factor The U-factor measures how well a product prevents heat from escaping. The rate of heat loss is indicated in terms of the U-factor of a window assembly. U-factor ratings generally fall between 0.20 and 1.20. The insulating value is indicated by the R-value, which is the inverse of the U-factor. The lower the U-factor, the greater a window's resistance to heat flow and the better its insulating value.

53. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) measures how well a window blocks heat from sunlight. The SHGC is the fraction of the heat from the sun that enters through a window. SHGC is expressed as a number between 0 and 1. The lower a window's SHGC, the less solar heat it transmits.

54. Estimating Passive Solar Savings The following approximates the annual heating energy savings of passive solar homes: – Each square foot of double-glazed south- facing window that is un-shaded in the winter will save 40,000 to 60,000 Btu per year on a home’s heating bill, if sufficient thermal mass exists. – Low-emissivity glass will increase the savings 15 to 30 percent. 54