1. Sponsored by: State Energy Office National Governor’s Association, North Carolina Governor’s Office, American Institute of Architects NC Dept of Insurance Conducted by: The North Carolina Energy Code: Commercial Requirements Chris Mathis and Associates Asheville, NC Appalachian State University Dept. of Technology & Energy Center Boone, NC Jeff Tiller, PE, tillerjs@appstate.edu

2. Total Energy Use by Sector (TBtu) 2004 1960

3. Structure of 2006 NC Code Chapter 1: General/Administrative & Enforcement Chapter 2: Definitions Chapter 3: Design Conditions Chapter 4: Residential Energy Efficiency Chapter 5: Commercial Energy Efficiency Chapter 6: Referenced Standards

4. SCOPE When does the NCECC apply? –Newly conditioned space –New construction in existing buildings –Alterations to existing spaces –Additions –Mixed use buildings –Change in occupancy

5. Change In Occupancy Alterations to Existing Spaces Applies to only portions of the systems being altered Applies if alteration increases energy use Alterations must meet the requirements applying to the altered component New systems in the alterations must comply

6. Two Sets of Requirements – multiple pathways to compliance Building Design for All Commercial Buildings –ASHRAE 90.1-2004 in the North Carolina energy code Design by Acceptable Practice for Commercial Buildings –Chapter 5 – part of the IECC 2006 – with local amendments

7. Typical Commercial Building Energy Consumption Patterns

8. Section 5 Envelope Mandatory Provisions Air leakage –Building envelope sealing –Fenestration (windows and exterior glass) NFRC 400* 1.0 cfm/ft 2 0.4 cfm/ft 2 –Loading Docks Vestibules * NFRC = National Fenestration Rating Council Section 5.4

9. Section 5 – Envelope, cont’d Air Leakage …..Building envelope shall be sealed, caulked, gasketed or weather-stripped to minimize air leakage. –Seams between panels –Joints between systems –Joints around penetrations

10. 502.3 Basic Requirement: Air Leakage - Building Envelope Sealing Caulk between wall and foundation Caulk around doors and windows Caulk between wall arch floor where floor penetrates wall Weatherstrip doors Caulk between wall panels and top and bottom plates in exterior walls Caulk at penetrations of utility services or other service entry through walls floors and roofs Caulk between wall panels particularly at corners and changes in orientation Caulk between wall and roof Caulk around penetrations of chimney flue vents or attic hatches

11. Major Air Leakage Sites Cavities above suspended ceilings Plenum return spaces (Highly depressurized) Ventilated walls Equipment tunnels and chases Mechanical rooms and mezzanines Unconditioned adjacent space (Storage, warehouse, plant, etc.) Exhaust and ventilation fans, plus wind and stack effect, are major driving forces Cavities above suspended ceilings Plenum return spaces (Highly depressurized) Ventilated walls Equipment tunnels and chases Mechanical rooms and mezzanines Unconditioned adjacent space (Storage, warehouse, plant, etc.) Exhaust and ventilation fans, plus wind and stack effect, are major driving forces

12. Is Air Barrier Continuous? Brand-new NC building Drywall left off of exterior wall above dropped ceiling Building uses above-ceiling area as return When HVAC operates, entire wall cavity goes to a negative pressure, increasing air leakage, effectively reducing insulation value, and potentially causing moisture problems

13. Limiting Air Leakage Pathways Materials and connections must:  stop air flow  withstand jobsite abuses  withstand forces of wind and pressure Penetrations must be sealed  plumbing, wiring, communications  ductwork  windows and doors Functional penetrations, such as air intakes for exhaust fans, must be dampered Vestibules (5 Stories or more, with exceptions)

14. Section 5 – Envelope -- Vestibules Required at building entrances Self closing doors Exceptions: a. Building entrances with revolving doors. b. Doors not used as a building entrance. c. Doors opening directly from a dwelling unit. d. Building entrances in buildings located in climate zone 1 or 2. e. Building entrances in buildings located in climate zone 3 or 4 that are less than four stories above grade and less than 10,000 ft 2 in area. f. Building entrances in buildings located in climate zone 5, 6, 7, or 8 that are less than 1,000 ft 2 in area. g. Doors that open directly from a space that is less than 3,000 ft 2 in area and is separate from the building entrance.

15. Section 5 - Prescriptive Requirements, Building Envelope

16. Common R-values – Resistance to Conductive Heat Flow Concrete 0.2 per inch ½” Drywall 0.5 Double-paned glass 1.8 Low-e glassabout 3.0 Fiberglass insulation 3 to 4 per inch Cellulose insulation3.7 per inch Expanded polystyrene4 per inch Extruded polystyrene5 per inch Icynene foam3.6 to 3.7 per inch Polyurethane foam6.7 to 7.0 per inch

17. 2009 IECC Climate Zones: Zones 4 and Below Don’t Require Wall Vapor Barriers (Only NW Mountains need one)

18. 2009 NC Energy Code Climate Zones Zone 3&4 – No VB Zone 5 – VB Required

19. NORTH CAROLINA ZONES Zone 3 except Zone 4 Alamance Alexander Bertie Buncombe Burke Caldwell Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Clay Cleveland Davie Durham Forsyth Franklin Gates Graham Granville Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Iredell Jackson Lee Lincoln Macon Madison McDowell Nash Northampton Orange Person Polk Rockingham Rutherford Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Vance Wake Warren Wilkes Yadkin Zone 5 Alleghany Ashe Avery Mitchell Watauga Yancey

20. NC Energy Code Chapter 5 Prescriptive

21. Roof Insulation Requirements: IECC 2003 (Chapter 8 of current code)

22. Roof Insulation Requirements: ASHRAE 90.1-2004 (Chapter 7 of current code and Chapter 5, section 501 of new code)

23. Building Envelope Example: Roofs No longer counts: Batts over suspended ceiling tiles

24. Inspection is Critically Important! Insulation specification was R-30 foam on roof deck according to the plans (and HVAC design) The 2.5 inches found installed in the field would only provide about R-15 2.5”

25. Commercial Wall Insulation Requirements: IECC 2006 (Chapter 5 of new code)

26. Steel Framing and Insulation

27. Metal Framing Effects Thermal bridging effect of metal framing must be accounted for in calculating U- factors  Outside Air Film  1- inch Exterior sheathing (R-3.8) with Stucco  2 x 4 Metal Studs with R- 13 in the Cavity  1/2 in. Gypsum Board  Inside Air Film

28. Steel Framed Walls

29. U-factors for Metal Stud Walls

30. Effective R-value of 2x4 Metal Framed Walls (16” o.c.)

31. Wall Insulation

32. How about now?

33. Typical? Non-Compliant!

34. Concrete Block Walls Concrete Masonry Units –Insulation-filled CMU used to comply –IECC 2006: “The R-value of integral insulation installed in concrete masonry units (CMU) shall not be used in determining compliance with Table 502.2(1)”

35. Field Inspection of Big Box Retail Store in Boone, NC

36. Glazing Area Percentage Glazing percentage to Above Grade Wall –Gross window area / gross wall area –Gross wall area includes Above-grade walls Band joist and subfloor between floors Area of all doors and windows

37. Windows - SHGC Solar Heat Gain Coefficient –Requirements dependent on projection factor –National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) tested –Default SHGC range diagrams –SHGC = SC x.87 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Projection Factor (PF)

38. NFRC Label

39. IECC 2006 Commercial Glazing Requirements (new code)

40. ASHRAE 90.1 Fenestration Requirements for Climate Zones 3 and 4 Note: ASHRAE 90.1-2004 is an option for the current and new codes

41. Window Wall Fraction

42. 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 42 Section 6 – HVAC Key Concepts Goal – a system which minimizes system losses and utilizes free heating and cooling Scope and Compliance Paths Establish minimum equipment efficiencies Establish a min. level of control for systems Establish minimum levels of construction and insulation of systems. Simplified Approach/Prescriptive Path Submittals

43. 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 43 Simplified HVAC Approach Option Limited to buildings that meet the following criteria –buildings with 1 or 2 stories –buildings < 25,000 ft2 –single-zone systems –Unitary packaged or split system; air-cooled or evaporatively-cooled only; equipment efficiencies per tables –Economizer if required –Outside air requirements are less than 3000 CFM and less than 70% of airflow –Manual changeover or dual set-point thermostat –Heat pump supplementary control –No reheat or simultaneous heating and cooling for humidity control

44. Example; 25-ton: Cooling Efficiency Cooling efficiency: 25 tons = 300,000 Btuh

45. Example; 25 ton: Heating Heating efficiency: 25 tons = 300,000 Btuh

46. Example; 25 ton: Controls Electronic, 7-day, thermostat can meet the following requirements: –Dual setpoints for heating and cooling modes –Off-hour shutoff –Setback capability –Start-up (set up)

47. Example; 25 ton: Duct Insulation

48. Example; 25 ton: Ducts Table 6-D in User Manual R-3.5: 1-inch duct liner, fiberboard, duct board, flex duct; 1.5-inch mineral fiber duct wrap R-6.0: 1.5-inch duct liner, fiberboard, duct board, flex duct; 2.5-inch flex duct, mineral fiber duct wrap R-8.0: 2-inch duct liner, fiberboard, duct board, flex duct; 3-inch flex duct, mineral fiber duct wrap Duct Sealing Required (to be discussed later)

49. Example; 25 ton: Other Air Balancing – add note to the design drawings or specs calling for balancing according to ASHRAE 111, NEBB, AABCm or other industry-recognized standard Since no fan exceeds 300 cfm, a backdraft damper is not required per 6.2.3.3.3

50. ASHRAE / IESNA 90.1-2001 HVAC Mandatory Provisions Applies to the Prescriptive Path and the Energy Cost Budget method Requirements address… –Life cycle cost analysis –Equipment efficiencies –Load calculations –Controls –Construction and insulation –Completion requirements

51. 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 51 Section 6 Load Calculations Load Calculations are required! –Ask for them!

52. 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 52 Section 6 Mandatory Provisions-Controls Off-Hour controls (note exceptions under 6.4.3.2) –Automatic Shutdown (PGM T-stat; OS; Timer; Interlock) –Setback Controls (by climate zone - 55F heating & 90F cooling) –Optimum Start Controls (>10,000 cfm) –Zone Isolation

53. 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 53 More Mandatory Provisions They cover: –Heat pump controls –Humidifier and dehumidifier controls –Freeze/Thaw protection –Snow/Ice melting –Ventilation controls

54. 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 54 Even MORE Mandatory Requirements Record drawings Operating and Maintenance Manuals System Balancing (Air and Water) System Commissioning (50,000 sf threshold) Good Design Practice

55. 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 55 Section 9 - Lighting Use current lighting product performance data and current new building construction data Apply current lamp/ballast efficacy and light loss factors and incorporate IES recommended light levels Apply professional lighting design consensus of quality lighted environments Combine these elements into building space models to calculate lighting power densities Use controls Key Concepts

56. Section 9 Lighting General– Scope Applies to lighting for: –Interior spaces –Exterior building features (facades, roofs, entrances, exits, loading docks, canopies) –Exterior building grounds provided thru the building’s electrical service

57. 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 57 Occupancy Sensors For high usage areas with irregular schedules Applications –Private offices –Classrooms –Conference rooms –Break rooms –Restrooms Section 9.4.1.2

58. Interior Lighting Controls Lighting controls required for each area enclosed by ceiling height partitions Switch locations –In view of lights –“On” or “off” indication from remote location –Occupancy sensor

59. Interior Lighting Controls Exceptions –Emergency/security lighting –Stairway or corridor lighting for egress

60. Guest Rooms Master switch required at entry Standard Room Suite $ $ $ $ $

61. Exterior Lighting Controls Automatic switching or photocell controls shall be provided for all exterior lighting not intended for 24-hour operation. Automatic time switches shall have a combination –Seven-day and seasonal daylight program schedule adjustment –A minimum 4-hour power backup

62. Tandem Wiring Exceptions –Luminaires with electronic high-frequency ballasts –Luminaires not on same switch controls or not in the same area Center to Center

63. Exit Signs Internally illuminated exit signs shall not exceed 5 Watts per side Section 805.4

64. Lighting Power Densities Using the Building Area Method

65. Energy-Efficient Lighting Sources

66. Total Connected Power Total connected lighting wattage includes: –Lamp wattage –Ballast wattage Sources of bulb/ballast wattages –Manufacturer’s literature –Industry default tables Exceptions –Specialized medical, dental, and research lighting –Professional sports arena playing field lighting –Display lighting for gallery exhibits, museums, and monuments –Guest room lighting in hotels, motels, boarding houses, or similar buildings –Emergency lighting automatically off during normal building operation

67. Does the Building Comply? Determine the total connected power in watts for the proposed lighting Determine the interior lighting power budget for the entire building or space Building complies if: –Interior lighting power budget - total connected power  0

68. Exterior Lighting Criteria –Lighting power supplied through building electrical service –Must use energy-efficient lighting sources to highlight paths, walkways and parking areas  45 Lumens/Watt Fluorescent or Compact Fluorescent Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium Exceptions Historical Safety Signage Emergency Section 805.5/805.6

69. 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 69 Section 11 Energy Cost Budget Method Alternative to prescriptive method except buildings with no mechanical systems Based on overall building performance expressed as “energy cost budget” Mandatory Provisions all must be met Budget (or baseline) based on prescriptive measures Allows trade-offs between measures Useful for optimizing design

70. Key Points to Check Envelope –Insulation values correct? Proper installation? –Fenestration -- % glass –Fenestration – U-factor and SHGC (on plans and in field) –Air sealing details HVAC –Programmable controls? –Economizer? –Duct and pipe insulation? –Ducts sealed? 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 70

71. Key Inspection Points (cont.) HVAC (continued) –No simultaneous heating and cooling (except where allowed for reheat) –Complex systems – Fan power – Temperature reset – Zoning – Reheat limitation – Etc. 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 71

72. Key Inspection Points (cont.) Lighting –If most lamps are not T-8 fluorescent or more efficient lamps, need to check –Check controls -- occupancy and daylighting controls –Exit signs –Exterior lighting efficiency and controls

73. So, What Now? In Commercial, Appendix B is not enough Plan review and inspection of energy features is needed 1/28/2008Mathis Consulting CompanyPage 73

74. ASHRAE 90.1: Advanced Design Guide – Office Building