1. Slides by Prof. Brian L. Evans and Dr. Serene Banerjee Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin EE345S Real-Time Digital Signal Processing Lab Fall 2006 Lecture 13 Matched Filtering and Digital Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

2. 13 - 2 Outline PAM Matched Filtering PAM System Transmit Bits Intersymbol Interference (ISI) –Bit error probability for binary signals –Bit error probability for M-ary (multilevel) signals Eye Diagram

3. 13 - 3 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Amplitude of periodic pulse train is varied with a sampled message signal m –Digital PAM: coded pulses of the sampled and quantized message signal are transmitted (next slide) –Analog PAM: periodic pulse train with period T s is the carrier (below) t TsTs TT+T s 2T s p(t)p(t) m(t)m(t)s(t) = p(t) m(t) Pulse shape is rectangular pulse T s is symbol period

4. 13 - 4 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Transmission on communication channels is analog One way to transmit digital information is called 2-level digital PAM bb t A ‘1’ bit Additive Noise Channel inputoutput x(t)x(t)y(t)y(t) bb -A-A ‘0’ bit t receive ‘0’ bit receive ‘1’ bit bb -A-A bb t A How does the receiver decide which bit was sent?

5. 13 - 5 Matched Filter Detection of pulse in presence of additive noise Receiver knows what pulse shape it is looking for Channel memory ignored (assumed compensated by other means, e.g. channel equalizer in receiver) Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with zero mean and variance N 0 /2 g(t)g(t) Pulse signal w(t)w(t) x(t)x(t) h(t)h(t) y(t)y(t) t = T y(T)y(T) Matched filter T is pulse period

6. 13 - 6 Matched Filter Derivation Design of matched filter Maximize signal power i.e. power of at t = T Minimize noise i.e. power of Combine design criteria g(t)g(t) Pulse signal w(t)w(t) x(t)x(t) h(t)h(t) y(t)y(t) t = T y(T)y(T) Matched filter

7. 13 - 7 Power Spectra Deterministic signal x(t) w/ Fourier transform X(f) Power spectrum is square of absolute value of magnitude response (phase is ignored) Multiplication in Fourier domain is convolution in time domain Conjugation in Fourier domain is reversal and conjugation in time Autocorrelation of x(t) Maximum value at R x (0) R x (  ) is even symmetric, i.e. R x (  ) = R x (-  ) t 1 x(t)x(t) 0TsTs  Rx()Rx() -Ts-Ts TsTs TsTs

8. 13 - 8 Power Spectra Power spectrum for signal x(t) is Autocorrelation of random signal n(t) For zero-mean Gaussian n(t) with variance  2 Estimate noise power spectrum in Matlab N = 16384; % number of samples gaussianNoise = randn(N,1); plot( abs(fft(gaussianNoise)).^ 2 ); noise floor

9. 13 - 9 Matched Filter Derivation Noise Signal f Noise power spectrum S W (f) g(t)g(t) Pulse signal w(t)w(t) x(t)x(t) h(t)h(t) y(t)y(t) t = T y(T)y(T) Matched filter AWGN Matched filter

10. 13 - 10 Matched Filter Derivation Find h(t) that maximizes pulse peak SNR  Schwartz’s inequality For vectors: For functions: lower bound reached iff  a b

11. 13 - 11 Matched Filter Derivation

12. 13 - 12 Matched Filter Given transmitter pulse shape g(t) of duration T, matched filter is given by h opt (t) = k g*(T-t) for all k Duration and shape of impulse response of the optimal filter is determined by pulse shape g(t) h opt (t) is scaled, time-reversed, and shifted version of g(t) Optimal filter maximizes peak pulse SNR Does not depend on pulse shape g(t) Proportional to signal energy (energy per bit) E b Inversely proportional to power spectral density of noise

13. 13 - 13 t=kT T Matched Filter for Rectangular Pulse Matched filter for causal rectangular pulse has an impulse response that is a causal rectangular pulse Convolve input with rectangular pulse of duration T sec and sample result at T sec is same as to First, integrate for T sec Second, sample at symbol period T sec Third, reset integration for next time period Integrate and dump circuit Sample and dump h(t) = ___

14. 13 - 14 Transmit One Bit Analog transmission over communication channels Two-level digital PAM over channel that has memory but does not add noise hh t 1 bb t A ‘1’ bit bb -A-A ‘0’ bit Model channel as LTI system with impulse response h(t) Communication Channel inputoutput x(t)x(t)y(t)y(t) t -A T h receive ‘0’ bit t h+bh+b hh Assume that T h < T b t receive ‘1’ bit h+bh+b hh A T h

15. 13 - 15 Transmit Two Bits (Interference) Transmitting two bits (pulses) back-to-back will cause overlap (interference) at the receiver Sample y(t) at T b, 2 T b, …, and threshold with threshold of zero How do we prevent intersymbol interference (ISI) at the receiver? hh t 1 Assume that T h < T b t bb A ‘1’ bit ‘0’ bit bb *= -A T h t bb ‘1’ bit ‘0’ bit h+bh+b Intersymbol interference

16. 13 - 16 Transmit Two Bits (No Interference) Prevent intersymbol interference by waiting T h seconds between pulses (called a guard period) Disadvantages? hh t 1 Assume that T h < T b *= t bb A ‘1’ bit ‘0’ bit h+bh+b t -A T h bb ‘1’ bit ‘0’ bit h+bh+b hh

17. 13 - 17 Digital 2-level PAM System Transmitted signal Requires synchronization of clocks between transmitter and receiver TransmitterChannelReceiver bibi Clock T b PAMg(t)g(t)h(t)h(t)c(t)c(t) 1 0 a k  {-A,A} s(t)x(t)y(t)y(t i ) AWGN w(t)w(t) Decision Maker Threshold Sample at t=iT b bits Clock T b pulse shaper matched filter

18. 13 - 18 Digital PAM Receiver Why is g(t) a pulse and not an impulse? Otherwise, s(t) would require infinite bandwidth Since we cannot send an signal of infinite bandwidth, we limit its bandwidth by using a pulse shaping filter Neglecting noise, would like y(t) = g(t) * h(t) * c(t) to be a pulse, i.e. y(t) =  p(t), to eliminate ISI actual value (note that t i = i T b ) intersymbol interference (ISI) noise p(t) is centered at origin

19. 13 - 19 Eliminating ISI in PAM One choice for P(f) is a rectangular pulse W is the bandwidth of the system Inverse Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse is is a sinc function This is called the Ideal Nyquist Channel It is not realizable because the pulse shape is not causal and is infinite in duration

20. 13 - 20 Eliminating ISI in PAM Another choice for P(f) is a raised cosine spectrum Roll-off factor gives bandwidth in excess of bandwidth W for ideal Nyquist channel Raised cosine pulse has zero ISI when sampled correctly Let g(t) and c(t) be square root raised cosines ideal Nyquist channel impulse response dampening adjusted by rolloff factor 

21. 13 - 21 Visualizing ISI Eye diagram is empirical measure of quality of received signal Intersymbol interference (ISI): Raised cosine filter has zero ISI when correctly sampled See slides 13-30 and 13-31

22. 13 - 22 Bit Error Probability for 2-PAM T b is bit period (bit rate is f b = 1/T b ) v(t) is AWGN with zero mean and variance  2 Lowpass filtering a Gaussian random process produces another Gaussian random process Mean scaled by H(0) Variance scaled by twice lowpass filter’s bandwidth Matched filter’s bandwidth is ½ f b h(t)h(t) s(t)s(t) Sample at t = nT b Matched filter v(t)v(t) r(t)r(t)r(t)r(t)rnrn r(t) = h(t) * r(t)

23. 13 - 23 Bit Error Probability for 2-PAM Binary waveform (rectangular pulse shape) is  A over nth bit period nT b < t < (n+1)T b Matched filtering by integrate and dump Set gain of matched filter to be 1/T b Integrate received signal over period, scale, sample 0 - Probability density function (PDF) See slide 13-13

24. 13 - 24 0 Bit Error Probability for 2-PAM Probability of error given that the transmitted pulse has an amplitude of –A Random variable is Gaussian with zero mean and variance of one Q function on next slide PDF for N(0, 1)

25. 13 - 25 Q Function Q function Complementary error function erfc Relationship Erfc[x] in Mathematica erfc(x) in Matlab

26. 13 - 26 Bit Error Probability for 2-PAM Probability of error given that the transmitted pulse has an amplitude of A Assume that 0 and 1 are equally likely bits Probablity of error decreases exponentially with SNR

27. 13 - 27 PAM Symbol Error Probability Average signal power G T (  ) is square root of the raised cosine spectrum Normalization by T sym will be removed in lecture 15 slides M-level PAM amplitudes Assuming each symbol is equally likely 2-PAM d -d 4-PAM Constellations with decision boundaries d -d 3 d -3 d

28. 13 - 28 PAM Symbol Error Probability Noise power and SNR Assume ideal channel, i.e. one without ISI Consider M-2 inner levels in constellation Error if and only if where Probablity of error is Consider two outer levels in constellation two-sided power spectral density of AWGN channel noise filtered by receiver and sampled

29. 13 - 29 Alternate Derivation of Noise Power Noise power T = T sym Filtered noise 2 (1–2)2 (1–2) Optional

30. 13 - 30 PAM Symbol Error Probability Assuming that each symbol is equally likely, symbol error probability for M-level PAM Symbol error probability in terms of SNR M-2 interior points2 exterior points

31. 13 - 31 Eye Diagram PAM receiver analysis and troubleshooting The more open the eye, the better the reception M=2 t - T sym Sampling instant Interval over which it can be sampled Slope indicates sensitivity to timing error Distortion over zero crossing Margin over noise t + T sym t

32. 13 - 32 Eye Diagram for 4-PAM 3d d -d -3d