1. Higher Industry

2. We will be learning the following:
Classifying Types of Industry
Location Factors for Industry
Case Study (Sambre-Meuse in Belgium)
a) Location factors for original industry
b) Decline of original industry
c) Effects of industrial decline
4. Location factors of new industry
5. Industry on OS Maps
6. Geographical Methods and Techniques

3. Task 1: Defining Industry
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Definition
making a new product
taking from land or sea
developing new products
providing a service
Examples
software developer
teaching
farming
baker

4. Task 1: Changes In Industrial Employment0%
100%
Red = Secondary
Blue = Quaternary
Green = Tertiary
Brown = Primary
Employment
Pre Ind. Devel. Ind. Industrial Post Ind.
The graph above shows the 4 stages of industrial development from pre industrial societies, through to full blown industrial revolution societies and onto the modern post industrial societies.

5. Pre Industrial
This society is dominated by primary/secondary industry. There is low level technology, so little secondary industry and a high level of automated/manual work on farms. There is a service industry to sell primary products, but this is underdeveloped.
Developing Industrial
Greater development of technology sees more quaternary jobs and so a decrease in primary jobs. Improved technology sees the first large factories and so increasing employment in the primary/secondary industry, meaning shops are needed and so primary/tertiary increases.
Industrial
This is the main secondary/tertiary phase, when production levels are at their peak, and so tertiary levels increase too. Again primary is losing out as technology replaces people and the ideas behind the technology, sees quaternary increase.
Post Industrial
The last stage (for the moment) sees the dominance of Tertiary and quaternary/secondary industry as services and ICT develop. Increased automation and mechanisation sees secondary and primary decline.

6. Task 2: Location Factors for Industry
There are many reasons behind the location of industry, but the key thing to remember, if added together, is cost! Remember industry is a business which wants to make money!!
We will only briefly look at these factors in this task, later we will look at them in more detail through a case study. They can also be seen in terms of industrial inputs and outputs as seen below. You may be asked to describe these Inputs, Processes and Outputs.

7. Inputs Processes Outputs
Raw Materials
Management
Products
Transport
Labour
Research/
Development
Technology
Bi-Products
Capital
Industrial Inertia
Training
Markets
Waste Disposal
Power
Processing/
Making
Associated Industry
Government Policies

8. Raw Materials
Any industry needs components or ____ materials in order to actually make something. Being as close as possible to your raw materials means you’ll reduce your _______.
Transport
In the olden days roads were _______ in quality and so weren’t good for moving raw materials and products about. Being by a river however meant you could move things about easily and so ___________. Rail became more popular later on in the late __________ and of course today we use our extensive road network.
Labour
Having a skilled labour force is important as they can help with ____________ new products, are cheaper to train and are more ______________. Being near large centres of ______________ will often ensure you have a choice of workers to employ.
raw
costs
poor
cheaply
1800’s
developing
productive
population

9. Technology
Improvements in technology mean that production levels ___________ and can mean a long term reduction in __________ costs as people are replaced by machines.
Capital
Building in areas which have more people with wealth and _____________ in industry are better places to build as it easier to attract investment, success breeds success.
Industrial Inertia
Sometimes industries locate where they have done for years despite many of the main benefits having ________________. Examples are often linked to very highly skilled workers such as in the ____________ industry in Stoke – On –Trent. The cost of training new workers elsewhere is thought to be too expensive to bother with.
Markets
A large market is essential as there is no point in making products which you will not be able to sell. Also being ______ to these markets is important in order to reduce ______________ costs.
increase
labour
expertise
disappeared
pottery
close
transport

10. Power
In the past power sources were ________ driven, being replaced later by _________ engines using both coal and water. It is therefore logical to be located close to these for power. Today modern industrial estates like to be in areas where there is a good supply of _______________, which generally speaking is most of mainland UK.
Linkages ~ Agglomeration ~ Associated Industries
Some industries locate next to others as, rather than needing raw materials they need _____________ from these industries. For example metal working factories need to be near a steel works to get there steel and reduce transport costs. Some smaller firms locate near bigger ones, which they supply, essentially locating by their ___________ e.g. ______ & panel manufacturers locate near car factories.
Government Policies
Some industry is attracted to an area because local or national Governments reduce their location costs. This can be done by giving rate relief, the business version of Community Tax, giving ________ for training workers, having ready built factories, cheap _______ for factories etc.
water
steam
electricity
components
markets
tyre
grants
rents

11. General & SQA Information
Case Study
General & SQA Information
An examiner will expect quite detailed knowledge of an industrial area in the EU, you will always be given the option of choosing an area you have studied. When we look at the first industrial growth we refer to it as original industry, just as it is in the exam. The area we will look at is found in southern Belgium (see area circled on map), bordering both France and Germany, centred around cities such as Liege & Charleroi. The area is known for its Iron & Coal industry, though like the UK, these industries have become rundown. The first iron works were built at Seraing, near Liege in We will find out about the high and low points in this industrial area.

12. Belgium

13. Sambre-Meuse Region

14. Task 3 Case Study – The Sambre-Meuse
We will look at the Sambre-Meuse area of Belgium in order to look at;
why industry first set up there (industrial locations factors)
why it declined (change in location factors)
the effects of that decline
why new industry set up there (industrial location factors)

15. Decline Of Original Industry
In the Sambre–Meuse the iron/steel and coal industries started to decline after WWII. For your exam you will need to know the reasons behind this, they will either ask you about the general decline of original industry or possibly more specifically about the decline in coal. Either way revise both!!
In groups you will be given a topic and help sheet to discuss one of the following issues & report back to the rest of the class what you think;
Decline In Coal
Decline In Steel
Economic Effects Of Industrial Decline
Environmental Effects Of Industrial Decline
Social Effects Of Industrial Decline
When we have reviewed your information we will complete the work below with the help of a power point.

16. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse
The Coal Industry
People use less coal at home, relying on electricity. This can be made with coal, but doesn’t use as much.
2. Some of the pits became exhausted, ran out of coal, after years of extraction.
3. Countries such as Brazil are producing their own coal so there is a smaller market to sell to. Often this coal is cheaper and so Sambre-Meuse coal can’t compete.
4. Power generators are using different sources of fuel such as nuclear and wind, so once again there is smaller market to sell on.

17. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse
The Coal Industry
Colliery
5. Heavily folded coal seams mean top layers are easy to extract, but the lower levels are very difficult to get to. It becomes inefficient to extract coal and so is therefore too expensive to mine.

18. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse The Iron/Steel Industry
5. The local rail and canal networks were out dated. Canals needed to be deepened and widened to help bring in the imported raw materials in bulk (cheaper). This was very expensive and took too long to do.
3. As with coal there are many more countries (Brazil) selling steel so the Belgian market share has decreased.
1. Countries such as S.Korea & Japan have modern factories which are more productive and automated than those in the Sambre-Meuse, so provide cheaper steel. Older works have can’t cope as well with changes in market demand.
6. Demand for steel has also reduced as more alternatives are used like plastic, carbon fibre and aluminium.
4. Local raw material ran out increasing costs as they had to be imported and then moved inland, which was expensive.
2. One reason for this is that in the 1930’s little investment was made in Belgium steel as there was an economic depression.

19. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse
Economic Effects
1. Less business means less taxes, but more unemployment benefits are being claimed, which drains the government’s budget. Also services are run down as there’s less taxes, which means there is less money to be spent on them.
2. Housing starts to decay as both private and council owners cant afford to invest in repairs.
3.As one industry shuts it may cause others, such as its suppliers, to shut this may cause a “vicious cycle” of decline.
4. Local shops and cafes will suffer as they’ll receive money due to customers spending less as they’re unemployed, so they may lose staff or have to close.

20. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse Environmental Effects
1. There’ll be cleaner air due less factories producing smoke and remaining ones will use electricity.
2. Derelict buildings and spoil heaps (rock from mining) create an eye sore, this is unpleasant to live in and puts off new investors to the area.
3. River Meuse and Canal Albert are heavily polluted from dumped waste. When companies close down no one to pay the bill.

21. Decline Of Original Industry Sambre-Meuse
Social Effects
1. As factories close down there is an increase to unemployment and poverty levels.
2. A knock on affect is for crime rate, divorces and domestic abuse to all increase.
3. With fewer job opportunities more young, skilled workers will leave the area, decreasing the chances of new investment. With less young people schools will start to close.

22. Task 4: Location Factors for New Industry
Market
Site
Transport
Labour Force
Universities
Services Environment
Power
Government
Aid

23. Location
Suburbs
Cheap Land
Greater Supply
Flat Land
Easy Build
Cheaper Build
Spaced Contours
Site
Large Area
Large Complex
Expansion
Location Factors
New Industry

24. More Choice
Best Workers
Labour Force
Large Supply
Urban Areas
Location Factors
New Industry

25. Air
Int. Meetings
Ports
EU Trade
Rail
Stations
Freight/Normal
Road
A or M roads
Quick
Workers
Components
Transport
Location Factors
New Industry

26. Location Factors
New Industry
Universities
Skilled Labour
Post Graduates
R & D
Collaboration

27. Location Factors
New Industry
Government Aid
Evidence
Closed Industry
Very Hard To See On Map

28. Size
Profits
Location Factors
New Industry
Location
Market
Local
Town
National
Motorway
International
Port

29. Location Factors
New Industry
Power
Electricty
Large Supply
Pylons

30. Theatres
Museums
Country Parks
Location Factors
New Industry
Services Environment
Less Stress
 Productivity

31. What is the old transport method in blue?
What is the black line with small “v” shapes on it?
What are these large irregular shaped buildings (peach)
What are these areas of white open land?
What do the spaced orange lines mean?
What are these black dots and rings?
What is this black mound?
What is this line with dashes through it?

32. Explain the advantages of a proposed new industrial estate/science park here85 84 83 82 81 80 79 84 78 77 76

33. Main Transport Methods
Task 6: Geographical Methods and Techniques (GMT)
1970
1995
Number Of Firms 27 45
Number Of Employees
3,520
1,400
Largest Employer
2,100
350
Main Types Of Firms
Car Manufacturing
Engineering
Footwear Manufacturing
Food Production
Retail
Computer Supplies
Furniture Sales
Double Glazing
Main Transport Methods
Rail
Road
Vacant Sites 2 18
Sales In UK
40%
80%
Sales Out with UK
60%
20%
Describe and explain for the changes that have taken place on this industrial estate between 1970 & 1995.

34. Describe
Just say:
what has changed e.g. the largest employer
what it was like, include date & values e.g. employed 2,100 in 1970
what it became, include date & values e.g. but was 350 in 1995
All you have to do is repeat this two or three times and you’ll get your marks!
Explain
For the things you have described you must say why they have changed, this is more important to the examiner e.g.
The largest employer has employed less people as firms have become more automated.
In 1995 the move to all road transport reflects the improvement in the motorway network and higher cost of rail transportation.
The change from heavier industry/manufacturing to lighter industry reflects the decline in old industries due to foreign competition.

35. GMT: Annotating An Industrial Field Sketch
Edge of city so cheaper land values
Flat land so easier & cheaper building costs.
Large car parking space for workers
Large area for sprawling estate
Landscaped grounds for happier & productive workers
Less congested roads in the suburbs for quick transport