1. The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages Violence, Influence, and Beauty

2. Why was it so powerful? 1. It owned land 2. It was rich-tithes, gifts 3. It excommunicated people 4. It could not be controlled by the King

3. Benefits from the Church Provide Education Give people hope and sense of security Help the Poor and Sick Give structure to society

4. Cathedrals became very important. Why? Showed the Church was center of life Showed the Church was blessed by God They were built by the community and became a unifying project. They were beautiful and displayed local art and sculpture They gave people a place to feel hope and inspiration They revealed the power and wealth of the Church

5. How does architecture change in the Middle Ages? Style switch from Romanesque to Gothic Style The Gothic style occurs as the Church’s power and wealth increases in the High Middle Ages. Some people see the Gothic style as a symbol of the Church’s extravagance.

6. What is the typical shape of many Cathedrals?

7. Romanesque Style Architecture Early Middle Ages Rounded Arches Barrel Vaults Thick Walls Dark Simple interiors Small windows

8. Gothic Style Architecture The High Middle Ages Pointed Arches High Narrow Vaults Thinner Walls Flying Buttresses Elaborate, Ornate interiors Stained Glass Windows

9. Pointed Arches The Arch bore more of the weight than the walls Therefore, the walls could be thinner The roof was higher and the interior was more open

10. Q: What is a Flying Buttress? A: A support that connected inner walls to outer towers Q: Why are they important? A: They support the walls so they can be higher and thinner

11. Which style is it?

13. What was on the outside of Gothic Cathedrals? Gargoyles: Grotesque Monsters Why? Rain spouts AND to protect the Church from evil

14. Ornate Decorations

15. Q: What was the inside the Cathedral like? A: Tall, open, full of light and color

16. Images in the Church The Use of Paintings and Stained Glass Q: Why were pictures so important? A: Most people were illiterate so the Church used images to teach about the Bible, the danger of Hell, and the importance of the Saints.

18. Stained Glass Windows Thinner walls allowed beautiful windows Colors made from plants, shells, dyes mixed into the glass Pictures were from Biblical stories or were about famous leaders and important people from the time

24. The “Poor Man’s Bible” window at Canterbury Cathedral 13 th century

25. A wall sized mural on Chaldon Church in England.

26. A demon pulling people off the ladder An angel helping people up the ladder A demon pulling people off the ladder An angel helping people up the ladder

27. Evil doers being put into a pot of boiling water

28. A bridge of spikes for dishonest tradesmen

29. Review: Cathedrals With your table discuss why Cathedrals were so important in the Middle Ages

30. Illuminated Manuscripts

31. What is an illumination? An Embellishment (decoration) added the pages of a manuscript Comes from illuminate which means to fill with light. Letters were covered with Gold Leaf which made them appear to glow. Typically the first letter of a page or paragraph Surrounded by plants, flowers, or mythical figures

32. Why were illuminations important? Done by Monks and kept in Cathedrals Often upon request from the King to show importance of document Great beauty and wealth

33. Relics and Pilgrimages People travel to see items belonging to Christ or Saints (Wood from the Cross, Bones, Hair, Cloth, Crucifix) Had Special Powers—Healing, Forgiveness Items kept in Churches and Cathedrals

34. Santiago de Compostela Spain Remains of St. James

35. Canterbury Tomb of Saint Thomas Becket Cloth soaked in his blood

36. Results of Pilgrimages Growth of Cathedrals and Shrines Growth of Towns Growth of Travel and Tourism Growth of Tolerance

37. The Crusades:1095-1290 2 Centuries of Religious War

38. The Byzantine Empire Eastern Half of the Roman Empire—split in 330AD Still prospered until1100 while rest of empire broke into European Countries (Dark Ages) Situated between Europe and the Islamic World Capital was Constantinople Christian but Eastern Orthodox, not Roman Catholic. Therefore, not under control of the Pope

39. What was the problem for the Byzantine Empire? The Seljuk Turks were invading The Turks restricted pilgrimages to the Holy Land

41. How do the Crusades Begin? Byzantines cry HELP!! Pope Urban II agrees. Why?

42. Look at the sources on page 195 and see if you can determine all the reasons people responded to the Pope’s request

43. Reasons from the Sources Help protect your brothers from the evil Muslims Jerusalem needs to be rescued Sins would immediately be forgiven Stop fighting each other, fight the Muslims Better land and the chance to get rich

44. Other reasons to help the Byzantine Empire Unite Western Europe in a common cause with the Pope as the leader The Holy Land and the Byzantine Empire controlled prosperous trade routes Protect Christendom from the Spread of Islam Eastern Orthodox Church was a rival of the Catholic Church

45. How did the Church convince people to go fight for the First Crusade? Free from Penance and a sure spot in Heaven Sell it as a ‘Pilgrimage’ “God Wills It”

46. Why did people really go? Religious Reasons To Get Rich To See the World

47. First Crusade: Christians Capture Jerusalem 1. Examine the sources on page 196-197 and see if you can determine the reasons the Christians were successful. 2. Also, according to the sources, how did many Christians act on this Crusade? 3.How believable are all of these sources? For each source, discuss one reason the report might be biased.

48. How many Crusades are there? 8 Christians capture Jerusalem in the 1 st, Set up 4 Crusader States that they rule for awhile Lose it by the 3rd Never win anything else (5 more wars)

50. Crusade or Invasion? Muslims and Christians did (and some still do) have different opinions about the Crusades. Look at the textbook excerpts on page 200. Answer the 3 questions in the yellow box. Make a prediction: Who benefitted most from the Crusades—the Christians in Europe or the Muslims in the Middle East? What are some ways both cultures might have changed because of 200 years of religious war?

51. Were the Muslims and Christians fighting for the entire 200 years? Look at the sources on page 200 and 201. How did Muslims and Christians live together in the years between the Crusades?

52. Were the Crusades good or bad? Bad 1 million Dead Strengthens Religious Intolerance Speeds the end of the Islamic Renaissance Black Death Good Opens trade Returns knowledge and learning to the West Returns Science and invention to the West Speeds the beginning of Europe’s Renaissance

53. Response to the Black Death Wealthy flee to secluded estates—better survival rate Church—some good (2/3 of Monks and Nuns die, some bad—turn people away) Lack of compassion and care in communities, families, People turn to religious extremists (Flagellants) People look for scapegoats (Jews)

54. Effects of the Black Death Black Death completes what the Crusades began—fully changes Medieval Society Political and Economic Breaks the bonds of loyalty and relationship that are crucial for the stability of the Feudal system Creates a labor shortage of peasants—therefore peasants can ‘charge’ for the labor Religious Weakens people’s faith and belief in the Church Weakens the Church’s political power (Flagellants)

55. Were the effects of the Black Death positive or negative for Europe? Think about this question and write a 1 paragraph response that answers it… Remember a paragraph does not need LOTS of detail. Just enough to explain a little (1 or 2 sentences of detail for each example) Type your paragraph double spaced and hand it in next class.

56. The Inquisition

58. Process of the Inquisition 2. Trial 4. Punishment 1. Investigation 3. Torture