2. Engineering & the Environment. Lei Wang October 20, 2004 ECE 290

3. Introduction Life Cycle Design –Design flow –Optimization model generation –Analysis of solution set Conclusion References Outline

4. How Engineered Products Impact the Environment Manufacture –Exhaustion of Raw Materials –Energy Use –Emissions Product Use –Energy Use –Emissions Product Disposal

5. Impact of Environmental issues on Engineering Decisions Environmental regulations impose constraints on product designs and manufacturing processes Environmental regulations impose costs which may affect engineering decisions Competition –Green products

6. Design for Environment Requirements for environment –use product longer –increase the amount of reuse –recycle materials –save energy Customer satisfactions –quality –the latest technology –price that matches service

7. The Modern DfE Paradigm Balance between environmental considerations and custom satisfactions Reuse/recycling Focus on all aspects of product life cycle Lower environmental burden A challenging and multi-objective optimization problem

8. Life Cycle Design (LCD) Design of completely new products Design for variety –e.g. Printers: Color InkJet printers Photo printers Black & white LaserJet printers Color LaserJet printers Large format printers

9. Life Cycle Design Flow Voice of customers Existing product groups Spatial or generational variety Life cycle optimization Product detail design

10. Design Optimization Model Market Analysis Design target definition Quality function analysis Value prediction of objectives Problem formulation Generation of solution set Evaluation of solutions

11. Market Analysis Market size and trend Potential competitors Cause of product variation Potential customers and their preference

12. Design Problem Definition How to satisfy the customers’ need? In what degree does the current products need changing Product upgrades are less intensive in terms of energy and materials

13. Problem Formulation Life cycle variables Life cycle modeling Value prediction of parameters in life cycle models Optimization algorithm selection

14. Life Cycle Variables, Parameters, and Constant Life time (year) Maintenance (yes/no and how to?) Upgrade (yes/no) Update time End-of-life strategy (reuse/recycle)

15. Modeling of Objectives Obj(i) = f i (X 1, X 2, … X n-1 ) Energy consumption Waste disposal Function Quality Time to market Availability

16. Product Data Prediction Changes of user’s requirement Changes of engineering metrics Changes of modular or function Estimation of values of parameters in LC models

17. Generation of Solution Set Effect of changes in the values of parameters Sensitivity analysis Change of objectives’ priority Range of variables

18. Service-Oriented Life Cycle Design Shift from selling products to selling services Improve products without increasing cost to customer Company has complete access to components for reuse e.g. Xerox – emphasis on selling “photocopier service” rather than photocopiers, IBM – grid computing

19. DfE Initiatives Develop products with consideration for better function and service capability Develop products with consideration of reuse and recycling Develop products for safe disposal Develop products using recycled materials when technically and economically viable Develop products for improved energy efficiency or reduced consumption of energy

20. Conclusion Environmental Considerations Impact Design by way of –Regulations –Customer preferences DfE must enter the design process at the outset DfE must consider entire product life cycle Benchmarking is necessary to compare alternatives or evaluate progress

21. References S. Yu, S. Kato, and F Kimura, “EcoDesign of Product Variety: A Multi- Objective Optimization Framework,” Proc. EcoDesign2001, Tokyo, 2001, pp.293-298. H. Kobayashi and N. Fushiya, “Life Cycle Planning Methods for Environmentally Conscious Products,” Proc. ISEE, 87 (1999). W. Knight, “Product Benchmarking Using DfE Analysis Tools,” Proc. ISEE, 92 (1999). D. A. Ufford and W. J. Ward, “Next Generation Design for the Environment Paradigms,” Proc. ISEE, 204 (1999). D. L. Thurston and W. F. Hoffman III, “Integrating Customer Preferences into Green Design and Manufacturing,” Proc. ISEE, 209 (1999). T. A. Bhamra and S. Evans, “The Next Step in Ecodesign: Service-Oriented Life Cycle Design,” Proc. ISEE, 263 (1999).