1. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE www.eu-egee.org Security on gLite middleware Matthieu Reichstadt CNRS/IN2P3 ACGRID School, Hanoi (Vietnam) November 5th, 2007 Credits: Valeria Ardizzone, Jinny Chien, and other EGEE colleagues…

2. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Grid Security Infrastructure Authentication Encryption & Data Integrity Authorization Security

3. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Overview Glossary Encryption – Symmetric algorithms – Asymmetric algorithms: PKI Certificates – Digital Signatures – X509 certificates Grid Security – Basic concepts – Grid Security Infrastructure – Proxy certificates – Command line interfaces Virtual Organisation – Concept of VO and authorization – VOMS, LCAS, LCMAPS

4. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Overview Glossary Encryption – Symmetric algorithms – Asymmetric algorithms: PKI Certificates – Digital Signatures – X509 certificates Grid Security – Basic concepts – Grid Security Infrastructure – Proxy certificates – Command line interfaces Virtual Organisation – Concept of VO and authorization – VOMS, LCAS, LCMAPS

5. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Glossary Principal – An entity: a user, a program, or a machine Credentials – Some data providing a proof of identity Authentication – Verify the identity of a principal Authorization – Map an entity to some set of privileges Confidentiality – Encrypt the message so that only the recipient can understand it Integrity – Ensure that the message has not been altered in the transmission Non-repudiation – Impossibility of denying the authenticity of a digital signature

6. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Overview Glosary Encryption – Symmetric algorithms – Asymmetric algorithms: PKI Certificates – Digital Signatures – X509 certificates Grid Security – Basic concepts – Grid Security Infrastructure – Proxy certificates – Command line interfaces Virtual Organisation – Concept of VO and authorization – VOMS, LCAS, LCMAPS

7. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Authentication, Authorisation and Security 7 Symmetric encryption Asymmetric encryption…(Public Key Infrastructure) – Private key and public key are in pair.  it is impossible to derive one key from another key. – a message encrypted by one key can be decrypted only by another one. Basis of security & authentication Encrypted text Private Key Public Key plain text

8. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Public Key Algorithms Every user has two keys: one private and one public: – it is impossible to derive the private key from the public one; – a message encrypted by one key can be decrypted only by the other one. No exchange of secrets is necessary – the sender cyphers using the public key of the receiver; – the receiver decrypts using his private key; – the number of keys is O(n). Examples: – Diffie-Helmann (1977) – RSA (1978) John keys public private Paul keys publicprivate PaulJohn ciao3$rciao PaulJohn ciaocy7ciao 3$r cy7

9. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Authentication, Authorisation and Security 9 An Example of Asymmetric Encryption Public keys are exchanged – Paul gets John’s public key.. Paul encrypts using the public key of John John decrypts using his private key; Public key algorithm: Make sure of data confidentiality John’s keys private public PaulJohn ciao3$rciao3$r

10. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Overview Glossary Encryption – Symmetric algorithms – Asymmetric algorithms: PKI Certificates – Digital Signatures – X509 certificates Grid Security – Basic concepts – Grid Security Infrastructure – Proxy certificates – Command line interfaces Virtual Organisation – Concept of VO and authorization – VOMS, LCAS, LCMAPS

11. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Authentication, Authorisation and Security 11 Digital Signature hash Paul calculates the hash of the message private digital signature Paul encrypts the hash using his private key: the encrypted hash is the digital signature. Paul sends the signed message to John. John calculates the hash of the message public Decrypts signature, to get Hash A, using Paul’s public key. If hashes equal: 1. message wasn’t modified; 2. hash A is from Paul’s private key (Paul encrypted it) John message Digital Signature Paul message Digital Signature message Digital Signature Hash A Paul’s keys publicprivate Hash B Hash A = ?

12. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Digital Certificates Paul’s digital signature is safe if: 1. Paul’s private key is not compromised 2. John knows Paul’s public key How can John be sure that Paul’s public key is really Paul’s public key and not someone else’s? – A third party guarantees the correspondence between public key and owner’s identity. – Both A and B must trust this third party Two models: – X.509: hierarchical organization; – PGP: “web of trust”.

13. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 X.509 Certification Authority The “third party” is called Certification Authority (CA). Digital Certificates Issue Digital Certificates for users, programs and machines Check the identity and the personal data of the requestor – Registration Authorities (RAs) do the actual validation CA’s periodically publish a list of compromised certificates – Certificate Revocation Lists (CRL): contain all the revoked certificates yet to expire CA certificates are self-signed

14. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Authentication, Authorisation and Security 14 Certificate –It is based on Digital Signature mechanism. –Grid authenticates users or resources by verifying their certificate. –Certificate is issued by one of the national Certification Authorities. private key certificate User’s Information Certification Authorities. CA CA’s Digital Signature Sign Public Key CA's information Time of validity

15. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 X.509 Certificates An X.509 Certificate contains: –o–owner’s public key; –i–identity of the owner; –i–info on the CA; –t–time of validity; –S–Serial number; –d–digital signature of the CA Public key Subject:C=FR, O=CNRS, OU=LPC, CN=Matthieu Reichstadt Issuer: C=FR, O=CNRS, CN=GRID-FR Expiration date: Jul 28 10:55:48 2008 GMT Serial number: 625 (0x271) CA Digital signature Structure of a X.509 certificate

16. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Example of X.509 certificate [reichma@clrlcgui01 reichma]$ grid-cert-info Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 2360 (0x938) Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption Issuer: C=FR, O=CNRS, CN=GRID-FR Validity Not Before: Jul 24 08:55:48 2007 GMT Not After : Jul 24 08:55:48 2008 GMT Subject: O=GRID-FR, C=FR, O=CNRS, OU=LPC, CN=Matthieu Reichstadt Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption RSA Public Key: (1024 bit).......

17. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Overview Glossary Encryption – Symmetric algorithms – Asymmetric algorithms: PKI Certificates – Digital Signatures – X509 certificates Grid Security – Basic concepts – Grid Security Infrastructure – Proxy certificates – Command line interfaces Virtual Organisation – Concept of VO and authorization – VOMS, LCAS, LCMAPS

18. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 More on CA’s In the grid world one single CA usually covers a predefined geographic region or administrative domain: – Organization – Country – A set of countries A common trust domain for grid computing has been created to join the several existing certification authorities into a single authentication domain and thus enabling sharing of grid resources worldwide. – The International Grid Trust Federation (IGTF) has been created to coordinate and manage this trust domain. – IGTF is divided in three Policy Management Authorities (PMAs) covering the Asia Pacific, Europe and Americas.

19. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Classic Profile of a CA : RA

20. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 How to obtain a certificate

21. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Certificate Management Import your certificate in your browser – If you received a.pem certificate you need to convert it to PKCS12 – Use openssl command line (available in each egee/LCG UI)  openssl pkcs12 –export –in usercert.pem –inkey userkey.pem –out my_cert.p12 –name ’My Name’ Most of other CA’s: – You receive already a PKCS12 certificate (can import it directly into the web browser) – For future use, you will need usercert.pem and userkey.pem in a directory ~/.globus on your UI – Export the PKCS12 cert to a local dir on UI and use again openssl:  openssl pkcs12 -nocerts -in my_cert.p12 -out userkey.pem  openssl pkcs12 -clcerts -nokeys -in my_cert.p12 -out usercert.pem

22. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 X.509 Proxy Certificate GSI extension to X.509 Identity Certificates – signed by the normal end entity cert (or by another proxy). Enables single sign-on Support some important features – Delegation – Mutual authentication Has a limited lifetime (minimized risk of “compromised credentials”) It is created by the grid-proxy-init command: % grid-proxy-init Enter PEM pass phrase: ****** – Options for grid-proxy-init:  -hours  -bits  -help

23. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 How proxies are created? User enters pass phrase, which is used to decrypt private key. Private key is used to sign a proxy certificate with its own, new public/private key pair. – User’s private key not exposed after proxy has been signed User certificate file Private Key (Encrypted) Pass Phrase User Proxy certificate file Proxy placed in /tmp – the private key of the Proxy is not encrypted: – stored in local file: must be readable only by the owner; – proxy lifetime is short (typically 12 h) to minimize security risks. NOTE: No network traffic!

24. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Proxy again … VOMS:Virtual Organization Membership Service voms-proxy-init ≡ “login to the Grid” To “logout” you have to destroy your proxy: – voms-proxy-destroy – This does NOT destroy any proxies that were delegated from this proxy. – You cannot revoke a remote proxy – Usually create proxies with short lifetimes To gather information about your proxy: – voms-proxy-info – Options for printing proxy information -subject-issuer -type -timeleft -strength-help

25. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Delegation and limited proxy Delegation = remote creation of a (second level) proxy credential – New key pair generated remotely on server – Client signs proxy cert and returns it Allows remote process to authenticate on behalf of the user – Remote process “impersonates” the user The client can elect to delegate a “limited proxy” – Each service decides whether it will allow authentication with a limited proxy – Job manager service requires a full proxy – GridFTP server allows either full or limited proxy to be used

26. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Long term proxy Proxy has limited lifetime (default is 12 h) – Bad idea to have longer proxy However, a grid task might need to use a proxy for a much longer time – Grid jobs in HEP Data Challenges on LCG last up to 2 days myproxy server: – Allows to create and store a long term proxy certificate: – myproxy-init -s  -s: specifies the hostname of the myproxy server – myproxy-info  Get information about stored long living proxy – myproxy-get-delegation  Get a new proxy from the MyProxy server – myproxy-destroy – Chech out the myproxy-xxx - - help option A dedicated service on the RB can renew automatically the proxy File transfer services in gLite validates user request and eventually renew proxies – contacting myproxy server

27. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Overview Glossary Encryption – Symmetric algorithms – Asymmetric algorithms: PKI Certificates – Digital Signatures – X509 certificates Grid Security – Basic concepts – Grid Security Infrastructure – Proxy certificates – Command line interfaces Virtual Organisation – Concept of VO and authorization – VOMS, LCAS, LCMAPS

28. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Virtual Organizations and authorization Grid users MUST belong to virtual organizations – What we previously called “groups” – Sets of users belonging to a collaboration – User must sign the usage guidelines for the VO – You will be registered in the VO server (wait for notification) Vos maintained a list of their members on a LDAP Server – The list is downloaded by grid machines to map user certificate subjects to local “pool” accounts – Sites decide which vos to accept... "/C=CH/O=CERN/OU=GRID/CN=Simone Campana 7461".dteam "/C=CH/O=CERN/OU=GRID/CN=Andrea Sciaba 8968".cms "/C=CH/O=CERN/OU=GRID/CN=Patricia Mendez Lorenzo-ALICE".alice... /etc/grid-security/grid-mapfile

29. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Evolution of VO Management

30. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 The VOMS client Virtual Organization Membership Service – Extends the proxy with info on VO membership, group, roles – Fully compatible with Globus Toolkit – Each VO has a database containing group membership, roles and capabilities informations for each user – User contacts voms server requesting his authorization info – Server send authorization info to the client, which includes them in a proxy certificate [reichma@clrlcgui01 repeat_install]$ voms-proxy-init --voms auvergrid:/Role=lcgadmin Your identity: /O=GRID-FR/C=FR/O=CNRS/OU=LPC/CN=Matthieu Reichstadt Enter GRID pass phrase: Creating temporary proxy....................................................................................... Done Contacting cclcgvomsli01.in2p3.fr:15002 [/O=GRID-FR/C=FR/O=CNRS/OU=CC- LYON/CN=cclcgvomsli01.in2p3.fr] "auvergrid" Done Creating proxy......................................................... Done Your proxy is valid until Thu Oct 4 01:20:51 2007

31. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 FQAN and AC FQAN (Fully Qualified Attribute Name) is what VOMS uses to express membership and other authorization info Groups membership, roles and capabilities may be expressed in a format that bounds them together /Role=[ ][/Capability= ] FQAN are included in an Attribute Certificate (AC) AC are used to bind a set of attributes (like membership, roles, authorization info etc) with an identity AC are digitally signed VOMS uses AC to include the attributes of a user in a proxy certificate [reichma@clrlcgui01 repeat_install]$ voms-proxy-info -fqan /auvergrid/Role=lcgadmin/Capability=NULL /auvergrid/Role=NULL/Capability=NULL

32. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 VOMS and AC Server creates and sign an AC containing the FQAN requested by the user, if applicable AC is included by the client in a well-defined, non critical, extension assuring compatibility with GT-based mechanism At resources level, authorization info are extracted from the proxy and processed by LCAS and LCMAPS [reichma@clrlcgui01 repeat_install]$ voms-proxy-info -all subject : /O=GRID-FR/C=FR/O=CNRS/OU=LPC/CN=Matthieu Reichstadt/CN=proxy issuer : /O=GRID-FR/C=FR/O=CNRS/OU=LPC/CN=Matthieu Reichstadt identity : /O=GRID-FR/C=FR/O=CNRS/OU=LPC/CN=Matthieu Reichstadt type : proxy strength : 512 bits path : /tmp/x509up_u2718 timeleft : 11:58:17 VO : auvergrid subject : /O=GRID-FR/C=FR/O=CNRS/OU=LPC/CN=Matthieu Reichstadt issuer : /O=GRID-FR/C=FR/O=CNRS/OU=CC-LYON/CN=cclcgvomsli01.in2p3.fr attribute : /auvergrid/Role=lcgadmin/Capability=NULL attribute : /auvergrid/Role=NULL/Capability=NULL timeleft : 11:58:17

33. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Roles Roles are specific roles a user has and that distinguishes him from others in his group: – Software manager – VO-Administrator Difference between roles and groups: – Roles have no hierarchical structure – there is no sub-role – Roles are not used in ‘normal operation’  They are not added to the proxy by default when running voms-proxy- init  But they can be added to the proxy for special purposes when running voms-proxy-init Example: – User Reuillon has the following membership  VO=auvergrid, Role=SoftwareManager – During normal operation the role is not taken into account, e.g. Reuillon can work as a normal user – For special things he can obtain the role “Software Manager”

34. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 LCAS & LCMAPS At resources level, authorization info are extracted from the proxy and processed by LCAS and LCMAPS Local Centre Authorization Service (LCAS) – Checks if the user is authorized (currently using the grid-mapfile) – Checks if the user is banned at the site – Checks if at that time the site accepts jobs Local Credential Mapping Service (LCMAPS) – Maps grid credentials to local credentials (eg. UNIX uid/gid, AFS tokens, etc.) – Map also VOMS group and roles (full support of FQAN) "/VO=biomed/GROUP=/biomed".biomed "/VO=biomed/GROUP=/biomed/prod".biomedprod "/VO=biomed/GROUP=/biomed/prod/ROLE=manager".biomedprodman

35. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Authentication, Authorisation and Security 35 Summary Authorisation –User joins Virtual Organisation –VO negotiates access to Grid nodes and resources –Authorisation tested by resource: Credentials in proxy determine user’s rights UI CA VO mgr Annually VO database Mapping to access rights GSI VO service Daily update Authentication – User obtains certificate from Certificate Authority – Connects to UI by ssh (UI is the user’s interface to Grid) – Uploads certificate to UI – Single logon – to UI - create proxy – Grid Security Infrastructure

36. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 User Responsibilities Keep your private key secure – on USB drive only Do not loan your certificate to anyone. Report to your local/regional contact if your certificate has been compromised. Do not launch a delegation service for longer than your current task needs. If your certificate or delegated service is used by someone other than you, it cannot be proven that it was not you.

37. Enabling Grids for E-sciencE ACGrid School 5-9/11 2007 Thank you