1. Chapter Sixteen: Domestic Policy 1

2. Learning Objectives Describe and explain the significance of the policymaking process and each of its stages: Agenda building, Policy formulation, Policy adoption, Policy implementation, and Policy evaluation. 2

3. Learning Objectives Discuss the rising cost of heath care and provide several reasons for this trend. Identify which citizens are covered by Medicare and Medicaid and how each of these federal programs is financed. Explain how national health insurance works and provide some international examples. 3

4. Learning Objectives Explain the main provisions of the 2010 Health Reform Legislation. Articulate the reasons for adopting this approach to health care reform and the major objections to the legislation. Explain the origins of the modern environmental movement and evaluate the effectiveness of the major legislation (e.g., Clean Air Act of 1990; Clean Water Act of 1972; Endangered Species Act) to improve the environment. 4

5. Learning Objectives Explain what global warming is, basic provisions of the Kyoto treaty, and the nature of the political dispute over global warming. Identify the major challenges in constructing a comprehensive energy policy in the United States. Explain how energy policy is related to environmental policy? 5

6. Learning Objectives Explain how the government determines who is in a state of poverty. Briefly describe major government programs to reduce poverty, including Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income, food stamps, and the earned income tax credit (EITC). 6

7. Learning Objectives Compare and contrast the benefits and costs associated with high rates of immigration. Give one or more reasons crime rates vary over time. Define the incarceration rate and compare U.S. incarceration rates with those of other nations. 7

8. The Policymaking Process Agenda Building Policy Formulation Policy Adoption Policy Implementation Policy Evaluation 8

9. The Policymaking Process 9

10. Health Care Advanced Technology Government’s Role in Financing Health Care:  Medicare  Medicaid The Uninsured  Uninsured Employed 10

11. Health Care 11

12. Health Care 12

13. 2010 Health Care Reform Legislation New law on a combination of private insurance, public programs like Medicare and Medicaid, and new state-based non-profit health exchanges to provide health insurance coverage to almost all Americans. 13

14. 2010 Health Care Reform Legislation Major provisions of the new health policy legislation: Requires all Americans who earn wages to have a health insurance policy. Employers may purchase private insurance as they do currently or, by 2017, participate in the state-based exchanges as well. Eligibility for Medicaid will be expanded as will insurance options for children of low-earning families. Prescription costs for seniors will be discounted gradually until all their costs are covered. 14

15. 2010 Health Care Reform Legislation The health insurance industry also received new mandates: to insure younger Americans, up to age 26, on their parents' policies. to not drop coverage for those who become ill. to eliminate lifetime limits on coverage. 15

16. Environmental Policy Environmentalism:  Conservation  Preservation Environmentalist Movement Ecology 16

17. Environmental Policy Cleaning Up the Air and Water The National Environmental Policy Act  Curbing Air Pollution : The 1990 amendments to Clean Air Act of 1963 led to a comprehensive policy mandating cleaner air in urban areas.  Water Pollution : Clean Water Act sought to make waters safe for swimming, protect fish and wildlife, and eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the water. 17

18. Environmental Policy Cost-Effective Solution: The Clean Air Act of 1990:  As a result of this law, air and water pollution is down dramatically from what it was three or so decades ago.  Lead content in the air is 3% of what it was.  Sulfur dioxide is down by four-fifths. 18

19. Environmental Policy Other Environmental Issues:  The Endangered Species Act  Global Warming  The Kyoto Protocol  The Global Warming Debate 19

20. Energy Policy Energy policy: laws that are concerned with how much energy is needed and used. Energy and the Environment Nuclear Power—An Unpopular Solution 20

21. Energy Policy 21

22. Energy Policy 22

23. Energy Policy Alternative Approaches to an Energy Crisis  Wind Farms  Hybrid Cars  Energy efficient homes  Cap and trade system 23

24. Poverty and Welfare Income transfers: government transfers of income from some individuals in the economy to other individuals. Low Income Population Anti-poverty Budget 24

25. Poverty and Welfare 25

26. Poverty and Welfare Basic Welfare: Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) Welfare Controversies 26

27. Poverty and Welfare Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) Farm Subsidies Homelessness 27

28. Immigration The Continued Influx of Immigrants: More than a million people a year immigrate to this country. Minority groups will constitute the “majority” of America by 2060. Positives of immigration—offsetting the low birthrate and aging population. 28

29. Immigration Attempts at Immigration Reform  2006 Congress initiated, but did not pass, sweeping legislation that would designate all illegal immigrants as felons in the United States.  Congress passed legislation authorizing the construction of a 700-mile-long fence between the United States and Mexico. 29

30. Immigration Attempts at Immigration Reform (Continued)  In 2010 Arizona passed a law that required state and local police to check an individual's citizenship or residency papers if they had been stopped on suspicion of an offense. 30

31. Crime in the 21 st Century Crime in American History Committed by Juveniles: School Shootings 31

32. Crime in the 21 st Century 32

33. Crime in the 21 st Century The Cost of Crime to American Society o Prison Population Bomb:  Incarceration Rate  International Comparisons  Prison Construction  Effects of Incarceration 33

34. Crime in the 21 st Century 34

35. Crime in the 21 st Century 35

36. Crime in the 21st Century Federal Drug Policy: Money spent on federal drug interdiction programs has not met with much success, as illegal drug consumption in the United States has remained steady. Confronting Terrorism: Counter-terrorism strategies will necessarily be a part of federal government policy for years to come. 36

37. Web Links U.S. Census Bureau: reports current statistics on poverty in the United States: www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty.html. www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty.html Federal Bureau of Investigation: since 1930 collects, publishes, and archives statistics from the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program: www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm. www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm 37

38. What If…We Had Universal Health Care? Today the United States has a private health care system with about 40% of Americans using government programs to pay for their health insurance. Most wealthy nations have universal, government-administered health insurance systems, while the United States prefers a private insurance model. 38

39. What If…We Had Universal Health Care? If a universal health care plan is implemented: Number of people without purchased health insurance will increase. Number of those who do not have private health insurance will increase. Burden on hospitals and clinics will increase. Costs to the government. 39

40. You Can Make a Difference—Doing Your Part: Global Warming Consensus exists among most scientists and climate researchers that global warming is here and will impact sea levels, rainfall patterns, and snow and ice cover. Human beings probably are tipping the ecological balance in the atmosphere with increased population, deforestation, cars, factories, and power plants. 40

41. You Can Make a Difference—Doing Your Part: Global Warming Here’s what you can do: Switch to Energy Star fluorescent light bulbs. Try walking, taking public transportation, or riding a bike. Recycle as much as possible. Buy recycled products and goods with less packaging. Choose to buy green electricity, generated by wind or solar power. 41

42. You Can Make a Difference—Doing Your Part: Global Warming Buy local produce. Educate yourself about global warming and climate change. Let your elected representatives know you care about global warming; urge them to support actions to reduce pollution and save energy. 42

43. You Can Make a Difference—Doing Your Part: Global Warming Create a climate-friendly environment on your college campus. Seek out and support nonprofit groups that support green legislation. 43

44. You Can Make a Difference—Doing Your Part: Global Warming Clean Air–Cool Planet: can help develop a Campus Climate Action Plan Toolkit, available to anyone who is interested in making colleges more climate-friendly. For more information, go to www.cleanair-coolplanet.org.www.cleanair-coolplanet.org Focus the Nation: offers information on how to plan events to get your campus involved, contests promoting creative solutions, and to participate politically. For more information, contact: www.focusthenation.org.www.focusthenation.org 44