1. ICRU 50 & ICRU 62 Paweł Kukołowicz Holycross Cancer Centre
Summer School of Radiotherapy Kielce, Poland 2003

2. ICRU 50 Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy 1993
When delivering a radiotherapy tretament, parameters such as volume and dose have to be specified for different purposes: prescription, recording, and reporting. It is important that clear, well defined and unambigous concepts and parameters are used for reporting purposes to ensure a common language between different centers.

3. Volumes Gross Tumor Volume
The GTV is the gross palpable or visible/demonstrable extent and location of the malignant growth.

4. Volumes Clinical Target Volume
The CTV is a tissue volume that contains a GTV and/or subclinical microscopic malignant disease, which has to be eliminated. This volume has to be treated adequately in order to achive the aim of the therapy: cure or palliation.

5. Volumes Planning Target Volume
The PTV is a geometrical concept, and it is defined to selcet appropriate beam sizes and beam arrangements, taking into consideration the net effect of all the possible geometrical varaitions and inaccuracies in order to ensure that the prescribed dose is actually absorbed in the CTV.

6. Volumes Treated Volume
The TV is the volume enclosed by an isodose surface, selected and specified by the radiation oncologist as being appropriate to achive the purpose of treatment (e.g., tumor eradication, palliation).

7. Volumes Irradiated Volume
The IrV is that tissue volume which receives a dose that is considered significant in relation to normal tissue tolerance.

8. Volumes
Organs at Risk
The OR are normal tissues whose radiation sensitivity may significantly influence treatment planning and/or prescribed dose.

9. Volumes
The GTV & CTV
the concept is clear however it is not easy to draw/delineate the GTV and CTV

10. GTV

11. GTV

12. GTV

13. GTV

14. CTV

15. CTV

16. CTV

17. CTV

18. PTV
... taking into consideration the net effect of all the possible geometrical variations and inaccuracies in order to ensure that the prescribed dose is actually absorbed in the CTV.

19. PTV

20. PTV (?)

21. Internal margin (IM)
A margin that must be added to the CTV to compensate for expected physiologic movements and the variations in size, shape and position of the CTV during therapy in relation to the Internal Reference Point and its corresponding Coordinate System.

22. Internal Margin
The motion occurs when the CTV position changes on a day-to-day level and is mainly associated with organs that are part of or adjacent to the digestive or breath system. Changes in the patient’s condition, such as weight gain/loss, can also affect the relative position of the CTV.

23. Internal Margin K.M.Langen, D.T.L. Johnes
Organ motion and its management.
International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology, Physics
Vo. 50, No.1, pp , 2001

24. Internal Margin – ginecological tumors interfraction
Mobility of cervical and endometrial tumors in response to bladder and rectum filling levels
Median movements of corpus uteri of 7 mm in the cranial direction and 4 mm in the posterior direction
Cervix did not move significantly in the anterior/posterior direction, nor did the cervix or corpus uteri move significantly laterally

25. Internal Margin –prostate interfraction
A lot of data can be found in the literature
Netherlands Cancer Instite prostate data LR SI AP
0,9
1,7
2,7
Random errors
Systematic errors

26. Internal margin Bladder and rectum interfraction
A lot of data, examples
AP rectal diameter from 3 to 46 mm
Weekly average movement of urinary catheter balloon of about 5 mm
An average decrease of in rectal diameter of 15 mm between an initial CT and a second CT obtained after 40 Gy

27. Internal margin - intrafraction
Liver
Under normal breathing conditions, the mean liver excursion was 11 mm
• Diaphragm
Under normal breathing the diaphragm moved about 17 mm
• Kidney
Under normal breathing the diaphragm moved about 19 mm
• Lung tumors
For 6 tumors located in the hilum region an average lateral movement about 9 mm
For 3 of 4 tumors in the lower lobe the AP and lateral movement between 4 and 22 mm

28. Set-up Margin (SM) The uncertainties depends on different factors:
• variations in patient positioning
• mechanical uncertainties of the equipment
• dosimetric uncertainties (light-radiation field agreement)
• transfer set-up errors
• human related uncertainties

29. Set-up Margin (SM)
The margin that must be added to account specifically for uncertainties (inacuracies and lack of reproducibility) in patient positioning and aligment of the therapeutic beams during treatment planning and through all treatment sessions.

30. Comparison of portal and reference imagesY
Anatomical structure X Dy Dx
Portal image
Displacement vector

31. Systematic and random errors
Systematic errors – treatment preparation errors (influence all fractions)
Random errors – treatment execution errors (influence only the single fraction)

32. Systematic and random errors
SE = SD(mi)
RE = Mean(Sdi)

33. Set-up margin Set-up on the CT scanner Set-up on the simulator
Set-up on the therapeutic maschine

34. Set-up margin C.W.Hurkmans, P. Remeijer, J.V.Lebesque, B.J.Mijnheer
Set-up verification using portal imaging; review of currant clinical practice.
Radiotherapy and Oncology, 58 (2000)

35. Set-up errors localisation Systematic (mm) Random H&N 1,3-4,6 1,2-2,1
Prostate
1,0-3,8
1,2-3,0
Pelvic treatment
0,4-4,8
1,1-4,9
Thoratic region
1,8-3,5
2,3-5,4
Breast
1,3-4,7
1,7-4,4
Mantle*
2,8-3,9
2,6-3,4

37. PTV margin recipe
van Herk M., Rasch C., Lebesque JV, The probability of correct target dosage: dose-population histograms for deriving tretment margins in radiotherapy.
International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 2000;47:

38. Methods of margins applying
Marcel van Herk
Express the required CTV dose for a specified fraction of patients. E.g. 90% of patients must get a minimal CTV dose of 95% or more
Add margin so that 90% of the systematic errors are covered
Add margin for penumbra and random errors so that CTV + geometrical margins lies within the 95% isodose

39. PTV margin recipe isotropic model
To cover the CTV for 90% of the patients with the 95%:
PTVmargin = 2,5 * Σ + 1,64 *(σ2 +Ψ2)½ -1,64*Ψ
Σ – systematic error
σ – random error
Ψ – half of penumbra

40. PTV margin recipe isotropic model
J.C. Stroom, B.J.M. Heijmen
Geometrical uncertainties, radiotherapy planning margins, and the ICRU-62 report.
Radiotherapy and Oncologt 64 (2002) 75-83
PTVmargin = 2,5 * Σ + 0,7 *σ
Σ = (Σx2+ Σy2+ Σz2) ½
σ = (σx2+ σy2+ σz2) ½

41. Practice Anisotropic margins with arbitratry chosen values, e.g.
rx = 0,5 cm
ry = 0,8 cm
rz = 1,0 cm

42. Conclusions Accurate delineation of the GTV is the most important,
At least to think according to ICRU 50 and 62 ideas,
Minimize set-up error,
To know set-up error,
All the time improve the skill in drawing targets.

43. Conclusions
Due to the new ideas of biologically based radiotherapy the new recommendations will be needed in the nearest few years