1. HEAT
Guided
Note
Taking
TEMPERATURE
ENERGY TRANSFER
THERMAL POLLUTION

2. Matter in Motion All matter is made up of particles
All particles are constantly moving
You know that moving things have kinetic energy
The faster something moves, the ______ kinetic energy it has
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy that the particles of “something” has
more

3. MEASURING TEMPERATURE
EXAMPLE:
Every time a molecule of air strikes the thermometer, it transfers kinetic energy to the molecules of liquid inside the thermometer. As the temperature of the air rises, ____ collisions happen per second. As the ______ energy of the liquid inside the thermometer increases, the liquid rises in the thermometer.
more
kinetic

4. Temperature Scale
There are two main temperature scales used in science: Celsius and ________
Celsius is a relative scale (has negative numbers). It is based on two things:
1. Freezing point of water
2. Boiling point of water
Kelvin is an __________ scale (no negative numbers). Based on absolute zero.
Absolute zero is the coldest temperature a material may ever have. At absolute zero, a material’s particles have no motion (zero ________ energy). This temperature is theoretical and can never be obtained.
CONVERSION FORMULAS:
Celsius Kelvin: oC+273 example: 0oC=273 K
Kelvin Celsius: K-273 example: 350K=77oC
Kelvin
absolute
kinetic

5. Practice Problems 55oC = ____K 134oC = ____K 100K = ____oC
328
407
-173
102

6. Heat
Heat refers to the energy transferred between two objects at different temperatures when they interact with each other.
An object does not “contain” heat.
________ is transferred as heat
Energy is always transferred from the substance at a higher temperature to the substance at a lower temperature
Higher Temperature → Lower Temperature
Heat
Energy

7. More about Heat Heat is measured in ______
Like work, heat involves transfer of energy.
Heat is energy transferred between objects at different temperatures.
Work is energy transferred when a force acts over a distance.
Joules

8. Thermal energy is the total energy of the particles in a material
Thermal energy is the total energy of the particles in a material. This total includes both ______ and ________ energy. The kinetic energy is due to vibrations and movement within and between particles. The potential energy is determined by forces that act within or between the particles.
Example: the change seen in melting ice cream due to a hot spoon resting on it is caused by the flow of thermal energy from the spoon.
kinetic
Thermal Energy
potential

9. Conductors
energy
A conductor is a material through which _____ can be easily transferred as heat
Good conductors:
Metals, such as copper and silver
Poor conductors:
Gases are extremely poor conductors (particles are far apart)
Liquids are also poor conductors, but they are better than gases
Some solids like rubber and wood

10. Insulators
An insulator is a material that is a poor energy conductor; it does not transfer energy as heat easily
Good insulator examples:
Wood
Wool

11. Energy Transfer
We’ve just learned about heat, the transfer of energy from particles of one object to those of another object due to temperature differences.
There are actually ______ ways to transfer energy.
THREE

12. When two objects or substances come into contact with each other, this is called
____________
Write down the definition:
CONDUCTION
Conduction is the transfer of energy as heat between particles as they touch.

13. What are some examples? Ice cube melting in your mouth
Burning your hand on a hot stove
Ice cube melting in your mouth

14. Other types of Energy Transfer
Think about sitting by a campfire. You don't touch the flames, but you get warmed. How does this happen?
There are actually two types of energy transfer happening here.
The first is called
convection

15. The air closest to the fire becomes warm and expands
The air closest to the fire becomes warm and expands. What is happening when the air gets warmer is that its particles are getting further a p a r t. This makes the air
less dense and it rises.
When it rises, it carries the extra energy with it. The space the hot air left behind is replaced with cooler air. This air becomes hot by the fire and expands and rises as well. This is an example of
convection.

16. Write down the definition:
Convection is the transfer of energy by the movement of gases or liquids
Convection involves the movement of the heated substance itself.

17. What are some examples? Water boiling in pot
Convection cell in Earth’s mantle

18. As you stand close to the campfire, you can feel its warmth, even if you are not in the path of the heated air.
In this case, the energy is being transferred by
radiation

19. Radiation differs from convection and conduction in that it does not involve the movement of matter. The energy is transferred in the form of electromagnetic waves. You will learn more about electromagnetic waves in future science classes.
Radiation is the only form of energy transfer that can occur in a vacuum (where there are no particles), such as outer space.

20. Write down the definition:
Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
You can feel radiation, but you can’t see it!
Examples of radiation:
Energy transferred from the sun
Standing near a fire
Radiation therapy to kill cancer

21. Summary of Energy Transfer
There are three types of energy transfer:
Conduction involves objects in direct contact
Convection results from the movement of warm fluids
Radiation does not require physical contact between objects

22. Thermal Pollution
Have you ever noticed that the city feels hotter on a warm day?
Heat removed from the air-conditioned buildings and vehicles is released into the outside air
Much of the energy used in everyday life – electrical, chemical, mechanical, radiant, or nuclear – ends up as waste thermal energy that is given off to the surroundings.

23. Sometimes the level of heat released can reach unhealthy levels.
When waste heat significantly changes the temperature of the environment, we call this ________________.
Thermal pollution is a particular problem in places where power plants and factories use water to cool their equipment.
Thermal pollution

24. If the warmed water is dumped into a river, lake, or ocean, the higher temperature can ______the dissolved oxygen content and can cause serious problems for the plants and animals living in the water.
The higher temperature can alter the reproductive processes of the plants and animals and in some cases KILL the fish and plants living in the water.
lower

25. Think about your morning routine
Do you take a shower?
Do you use hair products?
Do you eat cereal?
Do you drink milk?
Etc.

26. Everything requires energy
The water needed to be heated
The products needed to be produced
The plastic bottles needed to be manufactured
The cereal was produced, so was the bag that keeps it fresh, and the box that it sits in.
All this happens in power plants and factories

27. Other Options
Thermal pollution can be reduced by releasing small amounts of warm water mixed with plenty of cooler water.
In order to do this, companies must build expensive _______________.
These towers cool the water by fans or evaporation.
Cooling towers

28. Since these towers are expensive, businesses may have to raise the prices for the products they make. Which means that you have to pay more.
Some people think that the government puts unnecessary laws and regulations on businesses to build expensive cooling devices.
Some people think that it is our responsibility to prevent damage to the environment.

29. Should we regulate the energy discharge and pay more? Is it necessary?
What do you think?
The temperature of water discharged from a power plant ranges from 5-11oC.
A change of 0-2oC = excellent
A change of 2.2-5oC = good
A change of 5.1 – 9.9oC = fair
A change of >10oC = poor
Should we regulate the energy discharge
and pay more? Is it necessary?