1. 5- Microbial Metabolism

4. See Table 5.2 for some cofactors (protein) (organic)

5. What catalysts (eg: enzymes) do

6. (Enzyme is NOT used up)

7. How do enzymes work?

8. optimum

9. competitive inhibition Non-competitive inhibition

11. Some older enzyme names don’t follow the modern rules: trypsin, lysozyme, etc.

13. In many biological redox reactions: electrons are passed on as part of H atoms

14. Substrate-level phosphorylation

15. Oxidative- or Photo- phosphorylation

16. Catabolism (= degradation) aerobic

17. Glycolysis = Embden-Meyerhoff pathway (see also appendix A) G3P

18. Glycolysis (cont.) 2 2 2 2 2

19. Pentose-phosphate pathway can use glucose makes & uses pentoses & other useful substrates for biosynthesis produces 2 NADPH/ glucose & 1 ATP (through glycolysis) (see also App. A-4)

20. Entner-Doudoroff pathway uses glucose produces 1 ATP & 1 NADPH & 1 NADH/glucose in prokaryotes only (see also App. A-5)

21. mitochondria cytoplasm

22. Transition/preparatory step/reaction In mitochondrial matrix

23. Kreb’s cycle Citric Acid cycle TCA cycle (see also App. A-6)

24. oxidative -> ETC phosphorylation -> chemiosmosis energy

26. (Eukaryotic about the same)

27. Anaerobic Respiration: different final electron acceptor acceptor product nitrate (NO 3 - ) -> nitrite (NO 2 - ) -> nitrous oxide (N 2 O) -> nitrogen gas (N 2 ) (eg: Pseudomonas, Bacillus) sulfate (SO 4 2- )-> hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) (eg: Desulfovibrio) carbonate (CO 3 - ) -> methane (CH 4 ) (eg: Methanogenium)

29. Some kinds of fermentation

30. Other kinds of catabolism

31. Anabolism (= biosynthesis)

32. Halobacterium

33. Photosynthesis groupPS pigments(s) 1) purple Sbacteriochlorophylls a or b 2) purple non-Sbacteriochlorophylls a or b ---------------------------------------------------------- 3) green S bacteriochlorophylls a + c, d, or e 4) green non-Sbacteriochlorophylls a + c ---------------------------------------------------------- 5) heliobacteriabacteriochlorophyll g ---------------------------------------------------------- 6) Halobacterium bacteriorhodopsin ---------------------------------------------------------- 7) cyanobacteria chlorophyll a + phycobilins ---------------------------------------------------------- 8) PS-protists chlorophyll a + various 9) almost all chlorophyll a + b land plants

34. Chloroplast anatomy & the 2 sets of reactions

35. Overall: 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O light in the presence of light and chlorophyll a yields C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 + 6 H 2 O Light Light Dependent Reactions: 12 H 2 O + 12 NADP + + 18 ADP + 18 phosphates light with light and chlorophyll a yields 6 O 2 + 12 NADPH + 18 ATP Light Independent Reactions: 12 NADPH + 18 ATP + 6 CO 2 yields C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 12 NADP + + 18 ADP + 18 phosphates + 6 H 2 O

36. Light Dependent Reactions In eukaryotic chloroplasts & cyanobacteria there are 2 kinds of photosystems: I & II

39. Light Independent Reactions 12 NADPH + 18 ATP + 6 CO 2 yields C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 12 NADP + + 18 ADP + 18 phosphates + 6 H 2 O (see also Appendix A-7) In the stroma Rubisco Carbon fixation = making sugars

40. Chemosynthesis: Using the energy from inorganic chemicals to put together CO2 into sugars Only some prokaryotes can do Is done where there is no light but can be done where there is light Alternative to photosynthesis eg: hydrogen bacteria, iron bacteria

41. Other biosyntheses: polysaccharides

42. Metabolism is 1) integrated and 2) many pathways, not all, are amphibolic

43. To see more: http://www.manet.uiuc.edu/path ways.php http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/e tc/medialib/docs/Sigma- Aldrich/General_Information/m etabolicpathways_updated_02_ 07.Par.0001.File.tmp/metabolic _pathways_poster.pdf http://www.expasy.ch/cgi- bin/show_thumbnails.pl http://www.genome.jp/ kegg/pathway.html