1. MONDAY (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

2. JOURNAL PROJECT YOUR JOURNAL WILL BE WORTH ___% OF THIS CHAPTERS GRADE EACH DAY YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO ANSWER THE INITIAL RESPONSE QUESTIONS YOU WILL FIND ON THE PROJECTOR AT THE START OF CLASS, ONLY 10MIN WILL BE GIVEN TO COMPLETE THESE QUESTIONS. DURING MY LESSONS YOU WILL BE EXPECTED TO TAKE NOTES SUMMARIZING EACH SLIDE, A MINIMUM OF 2 FACTS WILL BE EXPECTED PER SLIDE. AT THE END OF THE DAY TIME WILL BE GIVEN TO WRITE A CONSIDERED RESPONSE. THIS IS WHEN YOU ANSWER THE SAME QUESTIONS FROM EARLIER APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED FROM CLASS. 10MIN WILL BE GIVEN. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

3. JOURNAL EXAMPLE: Initial Response  What do you think a cat looks like?  I would think that a cat is a large furry ball with 4 small legs NOTES:  Slide One:  Many people do not like cats  Cleopatra liked cats a lot.  Slide Two:  Cats are not very big  Cats like to make meowing sounds. Considered response  What do you think a cat looks like?  I now know that a cat is an animal with fur and it does have 4 legs. It also has a tail and whiskers. Cats like to eat small rodents like mice.. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 March 31stPage One

4. INITIAL RESPONSE (MARCH 31) What do you think Radon is? What do you think Ionizing Radiation is? Do you think cell phones are harmful or not harmful to your health? What do you think Nuclear Medicine is? what do you think UV radiation is? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

5. Agenda The circulatory System of a persons hand Enhanced with Radioactive Iron-59 Why Iron? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Iron is taken up in the blood stream and is removed by the body a few months later.

6. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 7.1 Atomic Theory and Radioactive Decay Radioactivity is the release of high-energy particles or waves being emitted from a variety of materials.  When atoms lose high-energy particles or waves, ions or even new atoms can be formed.  When these High-energy waves or particles leave the atom they are called  RADIATION! See pages 286 - 287 Where do you think we find sources of radiation?

7. Natural Background Radiation Cosmic Radiation (FYI)  The sun and stars send a constant stream of radiation to the earth (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 This Reaction is called Fission!

8. Natural Background Radiation Terrestrial Radiation (FYI) The Earth itself is a source of radiation.  uranium, thorium and radium exist in soil and rock.  Essentially all air contains radon  water contains small amounts of dissolved uranium and thorium  all organic matter (both plant and animal) contains radioactive carbon and potassium. The amount of radiation from terrestrial sources varies in different parts of the world (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Radioactive: Decays into calcium + e

9. Natural Background Radiation Internal Radiation (FYI)  All of us have internal radiation, mainly from radioactive potassium-40 and carbon- 14 inside our bodies from birth. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

10. Searching for Invisible rays Radiation is everywhere, but can be difficult to detect. German Physicist Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)  When he bombarded certain materials with electrons they emitted some sort of energy.  These Rays could darken photographic film..  Roentgen named X rays with an “X” 100 years ago because they were previously unknown. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

11. Searching for invisible Rays French Physicist Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) Discovered by accident that Uranium salts emitted rays that darkened photographic plates. Without Bombardment with electrons!! Weird….. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

12. Searching for Invisible Rays  Marie Curie and her husband Pierre named the energy (invisible rays) radioactivity.  Early discoveries of radiation relied on photographic equipment.  Later, more sophisticated devices such as the Geiger-Müller counter were developed to more precisely measure radioactivity. See pages 288 - 289 Radium salts, after being placed on a photographic plate, leave behind the dark traces of radiation. Alpha radiation…

13. The Geiger-Muller Counter Detects Alpha Particles, Beta Particles, and Gama Rays.  Ionizing Radiation… We will talk about this guy later…. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

14. Detecting Radiation…. Radiation includes radio waves, x rays, MICROWAVES etc.. The Electromagnetic Spectrum (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Ionizing: Enough E to remove an electron therefore can alter chemical bonds. Non-Ionizing: Not enough E to remove an electron but sure can excite one. Cancer Causing?

15. The good and Bad  Being exposed to radioactive materials can be beneficial or harmful.  X rays, radiation therapy, and electricity generation are beneficial.  High-energy particles and waves damage DNA in our cells. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 CANDU: Fission to make Electricity.

16. Questions?? Why was the discovery that Uranium salts emitted radiation a surprise? What did Marie Curie call the Process by which materials give off radiation? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 This radiation was due to decay and not because of direct bombardment with electrons. Radioactivity

17. Group Project….. You have 30 min… Each group will be given a subject: You will need to work as a team to create a short presentation for the class on your subject. Here are some guiding questions that you may want to talk about. What is your topic? Why is it significant to science? Why does it matter to us? How does it work? Does it affect people? Are there more then one application if so what? Are there any dangers relating to your topic? What is interesting about your topic and can you relate to it? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

18. CONSIDERED RESPONSE (MARCH 31) What do you think Radon is?  Draw a picture of how Radon may get in your house. What do you think Ionizing Radiation is?  Where would you find such radiation? Do you think cell phones are harmful or not harmful to your health?  Explain your reasoning. What do you know about radioactive tracers?  What do you think they are? How would they be used? what do you think UV radiation is?  Can you list some pros and cons to UV radiation?  Why do you think some people think tanning beds are unsafe? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

19. TUESDAY (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

20. Journal Activity (10min) Initial Response Describe what radioactive decay means to you. Do your best to describe the differences between atomic mass and the mass number. What do you think an isotope is? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

21. Atomic Theory Review.. Atoms are made up of smaller particles called subatomic particles. The nucleus is at the centre of an atom.  The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons.  Electrons exist in the space surrounding the nucleus.  # of protons = # of electrons in every atom  Atomic number = # of protons = # of electrons See page 170

22. Atomic Theory Continued How is the atomic mass calculated? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Atomic # Atomic Mass Average of the total mass of Protons, neutrons and electrons that make up an atom.

23. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Isotopes and Mass Number Isotopes are different atoms of the same element, with the difference between the two atoms being the number of neutrons in the nucleus.  Isotopes have the same number of protons and therefore the same atomic number as each other.  By having different numbers of neutrons, isotopes have different mass numbers. See page 289 - 290 Iso 1 Iso 2

24. Remember at the start of the semester we looked at Isotopes? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

25. Isotopes of Iron (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Each Isotope is written with its atomic number and its mass number.. Atomic Number Mass Number

26. Atomic numbers and Mass Numbers??? So what’s the different between an elements Atomic Number and its Mass number? Ideas? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Atomic # Atomic Mass Mass #

27. WHY OH WHY DO THEY WRITE IT DIFFERENT? Isotope (atomic) NotationPeriodic Table Notation - Mass number= Total protons and neutrons found in a specific isotope (Top Left) -Atomic Mass = Average Total (all isotopes) Protons + Neutrons+ Electrons (bottom Left) -Atomic # = Number of Protons (Bottom Left)-Atomic #=Number of Protons (Top Left) (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

28. Representing Isotopes Isotopes are written using standard atomic notation.  Chemical symbol + atomic number + mass number.  Potassium has three isotopes, See page 290

29. Atomic Mass Explained ( % Mass # % Mass# % Mass #) 3 Atomic Mass 39.1 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Potassium is found in nature in a certain ratio of 3 isotopes. 93.2% is potassium-39, 1.0% is potassium-40, and 6.7% is potassium-41 Atomic mass = (0.932 x 39) + (0.001 x 40) + (0.067 x 41) = 39.1

30. Questions: What is an isotope? What do all isotopes have in common? How are isotopes different? What info is given about the nucleus of an isotope by its mass number? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Different atoms of an element, same # protons, diff # neutron Sum of an atoms protons and neutrons same # protons Different # of neutrons

31. Questions… Fill in the Blanks… (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 101121 141630 34 7 27Aluminum-27 6Lithium-6

32. Questions (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 35 46 Bromine-81

33. Questions (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 17 Chlorine-37

34. Questions (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 16 33 Sulfur -33

35. Radioactive Decay Unlike all previously discovered chemical reactions, radioactivity sometimes results in the formation of completely new atoms. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Previously A + B  AB Radioactivity F  D

36. Radioactive Decay  Radioactivity results from having an unstable nucleus.  When these nuclei lose energy and break apart, decay occurs.  Radioactive decay releases energy from the nucleus as radiation.  Radioactive atoms release energy until they become stable, often as different atoms. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Unstable Nucleus..stable Nucleus..

37. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Radioactive Decay  An element may have only certain isotopes that are radioactive. These are called radioisotopes. See page 293 Radioisotope uranium-238 decays in several stages until it finally becomes lead-206.

38. Journal Activity (10min) Considered Response Describe what radioactive decay means to you. Do your best to describe the differences between atomic mass and the mass number. What do you think an isotope is? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

39. WEDNESDAY (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

40. INITIAL/considered RESPONSE.. Bohr models… what are they? When creating a Bohr model of 2 isotopes of Potassium what differences would you see? Draw a Bohr model of Neon 21 and Neon 22? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

41. THURSDAY (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

42. Initial Response Knowing what you know about radiation what do you think are the differences between three types, alpha, beta, and gamma radiation? Draw three pictures of what you think is happening to the atom in each case. Write what you think the symbols are for alpha beta and gamma. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

43. Three Types of Radiation Rutherford identified three types of radiation using an electric field.  Positive alpha particles were attracted to the negative plate.  Negative beta particles were attracted to the positive plate.  Neutral gamma rays did not move towards any plate. See page 294

44. Alpha Particles Alpha radiation is a stream of alpha particles.  They are positively charged, and are the most massive of the radiation types.  Alpha particles are essentially the same as helium atoms.  Alpha particles are represented by the symbols (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

45. Alpha Particles  Because it has two protons, it has a charge of 2+.  Alpha particles are composed of 2 Protons and 2 Neutrons.  The release of alpha particles is called alpha decay. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

46. Three Types of Radiation (continued) : Alpha Radiation  Alpha particles are slow and penetrate materials much less than the other forms of radiation. A sheet of paper will stop an alpha particle. See page 294 - 295 Radium-226 releases an alpha particle and becomes Radon-222. Radon has two less protons than radium.

47. Questions: Alpha (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

48. Beta Radiation A beta particle is an electron and is negatively charged.  Beta particles are represented by the symbols.  Electrons are very tiny, so beta particles are assigned a mass of 0.  Since there is only an electron, a beta particle has a charge of 1–. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

49. Beta Radiation  Beta decay occurs when a neutron changes into a proton + an electron.  The proton stays in the nucleus, and the electron is released. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

50. Three Types of Radiation (continued) : Beta Radiation  It takes a thin sheet of aluminum foil to stop a beta particle. See page 296 Iodine-131 releases a beta particle and becomes xenon-131. A neutron has turned into a proton and the released electron.

51. Questions: Beta (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

52. Three Types of Radiation (continued) : Gamma Radiation Gamma radiation is a ray of high-energy, short-wavelength radiation.  Gamma radiation has no charge and no mass, and is represented by the symbol  Gamma radiation is the highest-energy form of electromagnetic radiation. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 2 gamma rays

53.  It takes thick blocks of lead or concrete to stop gamma rays.  Gamma decay results from energy being released from a high- energy nucleus. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

54. Three Types of Radiation (continued) : Gamma Radiation  Often, other kinds of radioactive decay will also release gamma radiation.  Uranium-238 decays into an alpha particle and also releases gamma rays. See page 297

55. Questions : Gama (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

56. Radiation and Radioactive Decay Summaries, and Nuclear Equations for Radioactive Decay Nuclear equations are written like chemical equations, but represent changes in the nucleus of atoms.  Chemical equations represent changes in the position of atoms, not changes to the atoms themselves.  In Nuclear Equations 1.The sum of the mass numbers does not change. 2.The sum of the charges in the nucleus does not change. 3.VIDEOVIDEO

57. Summary (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

58. Considered Response Knowing what you know about radiation what do you think are the differences between three types, alpha, beta, and gamma radiation? Draw three pictures of what you think is happening to the atom in each case. Write what you think the symbols are for alpha beta and gamma. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

59. END OF 7.1 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007