1. Dr. Engr. Sami ur Rahman Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science University of Malakand Visualization in Medicine Course Introduction

2. Introduction University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 2

3. University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 3 Medical visualization Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg

4. Scientific visualization University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 4 Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg

5. Scientific vs. Medical Visualization  SciVis  Data exploration (undirected)  Testing a hypothesis and its visualization  Presenting results University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 5  MedVis  Check-up examination  Verifying/extending a diagnosis made based on symptoms  Providing visualizations for treatment

6. Medical Visualization –what for?  „The purpose of visualization is insight, not pictures...“ (McCormick, 1987)  Diagnosis  Therapeutic decisions  Intraoperative information  Medical education University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 6 Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg

7. Medical visualization system University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 7 Courtesy:Stefan Wesarg

8. 2D vs. 3D visualization  Medical imaging started with X-ray  2D projection image of the body  Tomographic techniques provide 2D slices  Radiologists are familiar with 2D images  Mental fusion to a 3D data set  Inspection of each voxel in 2D slices University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 8

9. 2D vs. 3D visualization  3D visualization related to progress in hardware development  Better overview with 3D rendering  3D visualization for radiologists in case of: Abnormal spatial relations (e.g., vessels)  Difficult scenery (e.g., fractures)  3D visualization for therapy: Surgical operation target is naturally three- dimensional  Dosis in radiation therapy is applied to a volume University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 9

10. Medical Image Modalities Image Acquisition Techniques/Modalities  X-Rays Imaging  Fluoroscopy  Endoscopy  Computed Tomography (CT)  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)  Functional MRI  Ultrasound Imaging  Nuclear Imaging University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 10

11. X-Rays Imaging First Medical Image Image Courtesy: University of Freiburg, Germany  Most common medical imaging modality  Uses high energy radiation that penetrates through skin and tissue but not through bones. This produces a radiograph (2D X-rays image)  Areas like bone that absorb more radiation appear whiter while areas that the radiation passes through appear dark https://docs.google.com/a/uom.edu.pk/presentation/d/1sd8Qqro2 ESxD-yueHtPG0AcpWYSRX6EcAhVgriEcOHY/edit#slide=id.p8 Wilhem Rotengen University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 11

12. Fluoroscopy An imaging technique used to visualize internal organs while they are in motion If an X-ray is a still image, fluoroscopy is like a movie The images are projected onto a monitor Very helpful for doctors because they can see exactly how an organ is functioning Youtube.com University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 12

13. Endoscopy  Endoscopy refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an endoscope  Unlike most other medical imaging devices, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ  Endoscope: A device using fiber optics and powerful lens systems to optics and powerful lens systems to provide lighting and visualization of provide lighting and visualization of the interior of an organ the interior of an organ www.spikelight.com University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 13

14. Computed Tomography (CT Scan) Also known as Computer Assisted Tomography scans (CAT scans) Uses x-ray equipment to produce 3D images by taking a series of pictures from different angles http://12000.org University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 14

15. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Using hydrogen atoms of water present in body tissues Excitation using radio waves Image formation from the de-excitation Useful for imaging brain, liver, soft tissues Used for diagnosing cancer, brain diseases, cardiovascular diseases en.wikipedia.org http://12000.org University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 15

16. Functional MRI Technique for measuring brain activity Can be used showing which parts of the brain are involved in a particular mental process Uses the change in magnetization between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood as its basic measure FMRI is used both in the research world, and to a lesser extent, in the clinical world fMRI of the brain listening to sounds (blue) and seeing pictures (orange) Courtesy: Hannah Devlin, Oxford University University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 16

17. Ultrasound Imaging Uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of soft tissues A transducer produces sound waves that enter the body and are reflected back. This reflection creates an image Ultrasounds are commonly used during pregnancy to study the developing fetus 3D ultrasound, 4D ultrasound: Uses the 2D ultrasound images taken at various angles b bdfbuzz.wordpress.com 17 University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 17

18. NI looks at physiological processes (not anatomical structures) Radioactive drugs that emit gamma rays are injected into a patient's bloodstream The nuclear camera takes a "photograph" of the gamma rays Tells about the biological activity Used for diagnosing cancer, heart disease and kidney malfunction NI scanners: PET and SPECT Nuclear Imaging (NI) University Of Malakand | Department of Computer Science | Visual Computing Research Group | Dr. Engr.Sami ur Rahman | 18

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