1. Imperialism- China/Japan
Honors World
History

2. Imperialism
Fueled industrialization; industrialized nations had a “leg up” on most of the world
They used their technological advantage to subdue non-Western nations

3. Contrasting Colonialism and Imperialism
Indirect rule; get raw materials and ship them to the mother country; have similar if not equal rights; settlements; older form of European relationships with non-Western world
Imperialism:
– Direct rule; occupation; territories have few rights; exist to serve as market for the mother country; starts in mid-late 19th century

4. Imperialist Ambitions
Starts after the unification of Germany and Italy
New problem: Central Europe is no longer a playground for the great powers of Europe
Imperialism: expansion of empire by gaining territories to rule as a sign of prestige
Inherent in imperialism is racial superiority; European nations believed themselves to be better because of their “dominant” culture (military and technological)

5. Attitudes and Foundations of Imperialism
Social Darwinism led many to believe that they were superior because of their advancements
Technological superiority enabled European states to take over less advanced states
“Improving impulse” fueled imperialists, who desired to raise the rest of the world to European levels of culture (considered to be the best and highest form of human life)
Belief in racial superiority: ex. British assimilated themselves at the top of the Indian caste system

6. European Economic Dominance
As industry continues to grow, new markets and raw material sources were sought
European nations found overseas possessions to be the answer to both problems
By owning these lands, European powers continued to enrich themselves and simultaneously export their own culture and ideals

7. Communication Improvements
Telegraph, telephone and rapid sea transit through steam powered vessels makes ruling easier
European monarchs and presidents are able to rule through intermediaries such as viceroys and other people immediately accountable to the heads of state
European dominance asserted through impressive military victories and native peoples are subdued (ex. Omdurman)

8. China’s Relationship with the West
Reasons for Western Interest in China
Western traders were interested in Chinese silks, tea, ceramics, spices, etc. (since Marco Polo-13th Century)
Western missionaries wanted to convert Chinese to Christianity
19th century spirit of imperialism encouraged the conquering of territory
China would be an open market for European manufactured goods

9. Reaction of Chinese Government
Restricted activities of missionaries
Willing to sell goods to Europeans but believed Europeans had nothing to offer
Europeans had to follow tribute system – in which a suitable gift had to be presented to Emperor

10. Reaction of Chinese Government
Chinese considered all non-Chinese BARBARIANS
China limited European trade to port of Canton until 1757

11. Opium Wars ( )
British sought markets for their opium crops in Afghanistan and a means of balancing trade
Defeated China, forcing them to accept opium trade and wrested control of port which becomes Hong Kong

12. Opium British ships cruised the Chinese coast supplying opium
Many Chinese addicted – led to less production and harmful effects on families

13. Chests of Opium Brought Into China

14. Opium Wars ( )
Causes
China enjoyed a favorable balance of trade with Britain
Britain frustrated with China’s failure to buy British products
British had been making enormous profits off of opium trade (from poppy plant in India
Chinese government appealed to British government to stop
Chinese government took action – confiscated and destroyed British shiploads of opium
British sent warships – Let’s Fight!

15. Treaty of Nanking 1842 “unequal treaty”
Forced China to open five ports to trade
Concessions
Hong Kong was ceded to Britain
China had to pay $21 million to Britain = indemnity
Extraterritoriality = foreigners could live in treaty ports – exempt from Chinese laws
Chinese not allowed to set tariffs in treaty ports

16. Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 Causes
Hong Xiuchuan – leader – self-declared brother of Jesus
Called for social reforms
Divide land according to household size
Treat women as equals; organized into fighting units
Wanted to set up Taiping (Great Peace) Heavenly Kingdom

17. Taiping Rebellion – Civil War
Manchu rulers faced internal dissatisfaction and peasant unrest
Several rebellions occurred
Foreign nations were afraid trade would be disrupted

18. Taiping Rebellion - Effects
One of the most destructive civil wars in history – 20 million people died
Foreign nations sent troops
Manchu government suffered a loss of power and prestige because of foreign presence – signs of Manchu emperor losing Mandate of Heaven
Led to a questioning within China
Many scholars believed China wanted to adopt some of Western technological achievements
Some industrialization was made
“too little, too late” – not enough to stop Western inroads

19. Open Door Policy 1899 Proposed by US Secretary of State John Hay
Purpose: prevent US exclusion from trade with China
US encouraged Western nations to adopt this policy – that all nations would have equal trading rights in China and would recognize the territorial integrity of China

20. Boxer Rebellion 1900 Boxers = Righteous Order of Harmonious Fists
Chinese rebellion against foreign presence in China and the Empress’ inability to do anything about it
Boxers = Righteous Order of Harmonious Fists
Symbol = clenched fist

21. Boxer Rebellion
Boxers organized attacks against Chinese Christians and foreigners
Killed about 250 foreigners and attacked embassies in Beijing where the foreigners fled for protection
Troops held off Boxers for two months
Western response:
An international relief force of 20,000 American, French, British, German, Russian, and Japanese troops put down the rebellion
Chinese had to pay indemnities to each foreign nation and had to allow foreign troops within the capital

23. Opening Japan Historically, Japanese had expelled all Europeans
Mainly feudal society
One Japanese port remained open once a year to European trade with the Dutch
United States asserts itself in 1853
Recovering shipwrecked sailors from maltreatment
Commodore Matthew C. Perry sailed into Edo bay with a major gunship force to open negotiations
Edo was location of new shogunate
Some daimyo tried to fight US forces and were demolished

24. Results of Perry’s Visit: Treaty of Kanagawa 1854
Japan’s Reaction: amazed by fire power of US warships; were against American demands but realized American technology was more powerful; decided to cooperate and learn US technology
Japan agreed to allow US ships to refuel and resupply in Japanese ports
Japan agreed to aid shipwrecked sailors (instead of killing them!)
Japan agree to trade with US in two ports

25. Many Japanese saw Tokugawa shogun as weak because he agreed to US terms
Other countries like Britain, Netherlands, and Russia signed similar agreements with Japan
Americans got right of extraterritoriality
Known as the “unequal treaties”
Japan wanted to avoid being carved up into spheres of influence like China – so they adapted quickly to the new technology

26. Sadahide (sa-dah-hee-day) was one of the few artists who drew Yokohama from direct observation
Foreigners in Treaty-Port

29. 1868 – Meiji Restoration
Daimyo overthrew Tokugawa Shogun due to his weakness
Motto: “Revere the emperor and expel the barbarians!”
Restored 15-year old Emperor Matsuhito to power
Ended 700 year rule of shogunate
Moved capital from Kyoto to Edo (Tokyo)

30. 1868 – Meiji Restoration “Meiji” = “peace and enlightenment”
100 daimyo ruled in name of the emperor and used Western technology to modernize Japan
Plan: borrow Western inventions, technology, and institutions that would enable Japan to take its place among the world’s great powers
Abolished feudalism
Divided daimyo land into prefectures ruled by governors; paid daimyo for the land
Goal: “a rich nation, a strong army”
Ended samurai’s official status as warrior class by requiring peasants to serve in military on equal basis

31. 1877 – Saigo Takamori led an army of 40,000 samurai to overthrow Meiji government
9 months of bloody fighting – rebellion was finally crushed and Saigo committed seppuku

32. Japanese Reforms- Meiji Restoration
New land tax based on land ownership and paid in cash
New monetary system based on the yen
Modern banking system
Created a postal system
Created a telegraph system
Built railroad lines connecting key cities and ports
Improved harbors to help shipping and trade
Built factories and mills to industrialize Japan
Brought in experts and engineers from Western nations to teach them
Set up technical schools

33. Japanese Reforms- Meiji Restoration
Opened up weapons factories and naval shipyards to build up Japan’s military power
Built a modern army and navy
Zaibatsu – family business monopolies that worked with Japanese government to build economy (ex. Mitsubishi)
Visited Western nations to learn from businesspeople, industrialists, government officials and military leaders
Created a national system of public education to train Japan to be a modern society

34. Japan’s March of Aggression
Real plan: Modernize and create the Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere
Become the greatest power in Asia, subordinate other Asian nations to Japan
Asian nations would provide Japan with raw materials and markets and Japan would sell them manufactured goods and provide protection

35. Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 Japan v. China Over Korea (“buffer zone”)
Japan overran Korea and entered Manchuria
Destroyed Chinese fleet
Treaty of Shimonoseki: Japan got Formosa (Taiwan) and a piece of Manchuria from China

36. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Japan v. Russia
Russia took their spot in Manchuria and seized control of naval base at Port Arthur
1904 – launched surprise attack on Russian fleet at Port Arthur, sinking part of the Russian fleet – destroyed whole fleet (38 ships) by 1905
Treaty of Portsmouth – arranged by Teddy Roosevelt; Japan back in Manchuria and took Korea