1. AFRICA - Session 2 Hunting for Water: Botswana 1

2. BOTSWANABOTSWANA Okavango Delta Makgadikgadi Salt Pans Capital: Gaborone Tsodilo Hills Chobe National Park 2

3. Africa: Hunting for Treasures, Congo to the Cape 3 1. History 4. Our Experiences 2. Demographics 3. Geography & Geology

4. Africa: Hunting for Treasures, Congo to the Cape 4 1. History

5. BOTSWANA - HISTORY Little written ancient history of Botswana Little written ancient history of Botswana Khoe & San people - stone age nomadic foragers Khoe & San people - stone age nomadic foragers Evidence of these neolithic peoples as far back as 17,000 BCE; archeological sites in Tsodilo Hills Evidence of these neolithic peoples as far back as 17,000 BCE; archeological sites in Tsodilo Hills San people are famous for using clicking sounds in their language San people are famous for using clicking sounds in their language: http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/clicks.wav Bushmen of Namibia and Botswana are thought to be descendants of the San people 5

6. Civilizations Time Lines - Iron Age to the Present 17,000 BCE KHOE & SAN PEOPLE 6

7. in in - population explosion - Bantu lived here... bringing iron age & agricultural skills to eastern Botswana - large migration south 0-1000 AD – Bantu migration from north BOTSWANA - HISTORY 7

8. 190 AD: earliest iron-age evidence- iron smelting furnace in the Tswapong hills near Palapye 8

9. BOTSWANA - HISTORY 9

10. Africa: Hunting for Treasures, Congo to the Cape 10 1. History 2. Demographics

11. BOTSWANA-Demographics IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS ON LIFE EXPECTANCY IN AFRICA IN ONLY 15 YEARS!! TRAGIC ! BUT, some hope - Botswana instituted: Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission 1)a nation-wide Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission program and reduced HIV transmission from infected mothers to their children from about 40% to just 4%! AIDS-free Botswana by 2016! 2)Vision 2016 campaign, which is aiming to achieve an AIDS-free Botswana by 2016! 11

12. BOTSWANA-Demographics 12

13. -BOTSWANA-Demographics 13

14. let’s summarize... BOTSWANA SIZE (X Texas)1X DEMOGRAPHICS (UNICEF) population (million)1.9 people/sq mile8 indiginous tribes97% european extraction3% other (mixed, Indian, Asian, etc)0% median age (years)22 life expectancy (2002)38 years life expectancy (1987)62 years LANGUAGES (official)English, Tswana RELIGIONS Christian50-70% Tribal30-50% Other (Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none) EDUCATION literacy (adults)83% primary (% complete)75% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$)$13,900 GDP: mining41% GDP: oil/gas GDP: tourism12% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land5% oil reserves (million barrels) gas reserves (trillion cubic feet) diamond reserves (billion carat)??? coal reserves (billion tons)70-200 othercopper,nickel BOTSWANABOTSWANA-Demographics 14

15. Africa: Hunting for Treasures, Congo to the Cape 15 1. History 2. Demographics 3. Geography & Geology

16. - landlocked – no coastline - bordered by.. - size: 225,000 sq miles (~Texas) NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE SOUTHAFRICA BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY - average elevation: ~3000 ft. 16

17. BOTSWANA Kalahari Basin Kalahari Desert BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY -Kalahari Desert covers aprox. 70% of country 17

18. Kalahari Desert 70% of country Okavanga Delta BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY 18

19. largest inland delta in the world Okavango Delta ‘the river that never finds the sea’ BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY 19

20. Okavango Delta WHERE does all this water come from? WHY does the water form this inland delta? WHY doesn’t it flow east or west to the ocean? HOW much water flows in this delta? WHAT animals thrive in this delta? BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY 20

21. Okavango Delta WHERE does all this water come from? BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY 21

22. WHERE does all this water come from? BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY 22

23. 1115 miles away Water running down the mountains of Angola WHERE does all this water come from? HuamboMaun BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY 23

24. Water running down the mountains of Angola WHERE does all this water come from? 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Angola Botswana Namibia (miles) 6000 5000 4000 3000 (feet) BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY 24

25. WHERE does all this water come from? BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY Okavango receives water from two different sources at two different times of the year: 1.The first is the annual seasonal floodwaters from Angola 2.Local seasonal rains over the Delta 1a. Heavy rains in the Angola highlands in Dec 1b. Floods the Panhandle in Feb/Mar 1c. Floods spread out into the Delta and slowly (1km/day) makes it’s way arriving at Maun in June/July 2. Local rains during summer, Oct/May So, the Delta has… low water: Nov. to Jan. low water: Nov. to Jan. High water: Mar to Sept. High water: Mar to Sept. 25

26. BOTSWANA - GEOLOGY 1115 miles away Water running down the mountains of Angola WHERE does all this water come from? WHY does it flow to the Delta area? WHY doesn’t it flow east or west to the ocean? Surrounding mountains create a basin; water runs to the low point of the basin, the Okavango Delta 1. Surrounding mountains block flow to the oceans in any direction Kalahari Basin 26

27. 1115 miles away WHY doesn’t it flow east or west to the ocean? 1.Surrounding mountains block flow to the oceans in any direction 2.Almost all (95%) the water is lost to evaporation and transpiration along it’s journey 3.Geologic Faulting trending northeast to southwest at southeastern terminus of delta Kalahari Basin BOTSWANA - GEOLOGY National Geographic's Magazine Map 27

28. BOTSWANA - GEOLOGY National Geographic's Magazine Map “Tectonic activity sometime in the past two million years created this young extension of the East African Rift System. Where the central fault block moved down, the Okavango River branched out but was damaged by an upward moving block a hundred miles downstream. Seasonal floods carry large amounts of sediment flowed into this depression, covering 8,500 square miles.” 28

29. BOTSWANA - GEOLOGY National Geographic's Magazine Map “Tectonic activity sometime in the past two million years created this young. extension of the East African Rift System where the central fault block moved down, the Okavango River branched out but was damaged by an upward moving block a hundred miles downstream. Seasonal floods carry large amounts of sediment flowed into this depression, covering 8,500 square miles.” extension of the East African Rift System 29

30. BOTSWANA - GEOLOGY National Geographic's Magazine Map “Tectonic activity sometime in the past two million years created this young. extension of the East African Rift System where the central fault block moved down, the Okavango River branched out but was damaged by an upward moving block a hundred miles downstream. Seasonal floods carry large amounts of sediment flowed into this depression, covering 8,500 square miles.” central fault block moved down, the Okavango River branched out but was damaged by an upward moving block a hundred miles downstream 30 100 miles

31. BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY Okavango Delta HOW much water flows in this delta? Depends on the seasons as mentioned before: the dark blue to the left represents the dry season and water covers an area of about 6,000 sq. mi. the dark blue to the left represents the dry season and water covers an area of about 6,000 sq. mi. The light blue is the additional area covered by water during the wet season. The dark and light blue make up about 8,500 sq. mi. The light blue is the additional area covered by water during the wet season. The dark and light blue make up about 8,500 sq. mi. Seasonal flooding of 350 billion cu.ft. of water with approx. 727,000 tons of sediment Seasonal flooding of 350 billion cu.ft. of water with approx. 727,000 tons of sediment (11.2miX11.2miX100ft) 31

32. BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY Okavango Delta WHAT animals thrive in this Delta? 400 bird species, 80 fish species (famous tigerfish) 400 bird species, 80 fish species (famous tigerfish) 164 mammal species (Big Five (lion, leopard, cape buffalo, rhino, elephant), cheetah, giraffe, hippo, hyenas, zebra, various antelope& primates, and a world famous wild dog population 164 mammal species (Big Five (lion, leopard, cape buffalo, rhino, elephant), cheetah, giraffe, hippo, hyenas, zebra, various antelope& primates, and a world famous wild dog population 157 reptile species including crocodiles. 157 reptile species including crocodiles. (side note: Botswana has the largest herds of elephant in Africa) (side note: Botswana has the largest herds of elephant in Africa) AN ECOLOGICAL PARADISE! 32

33. Africa: Hunting for Treasures, Congo to the Cape 33 1. History 4. Our Experiences 2. Demographics 3. Geography & Geology 4. Our Experiences

34. BOTSWANA – OUR EXPERIENCE 34

35. BOTSWANA – OUR EXPERIENCE Camp Moremi 35

36. BOTSWANA – OUR EXPERIENCE Camp Moremi 36

37. BOTSWANA – OUR EXPERIENCE Camp Moremi 37

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48. BOTSWANA – OUR EXPERIENCE

50. 50 Xugana Island Lodge

51. BOTSWANA – OUR EXPERIENCE 51 Xugana Island Lodge

52. BOTSWANA – OUR EXPERIENCE 52 Xugana Island Lodge

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65. BOTSWANA – OUR EXPERIENCE

67. -Created mountains that touch the sky causing seasonal rains that sculpt the earth into large catch basins -Created massive depressions in the earth that accumulate water and in doing so provides life to countless species of creatures -Brought to the surface the resources of iron, diamonds, copper, nickel, coal & uranium -Created huge desert that preserves Neolithic art for centuries -Created the largest salt pan in the world, remnant of a massive ancient river that flowed to the Indian Ocean China – Session 4 : High Plains/Northern Deserts

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69. REFERENCES 69 http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/Incipient_continenta_09007dcc8048ddb9.html http://www.nber.org/iag/2009/iag2009.pdfhttp://www.nber.org/iag/2009/iag2009.pdf (IAG (Index of African Governance) is a project of Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government) “ The Geology of the Okavango Delta ”, with D G Hutchins and C R Jones, Proceedings of the Okavango Delta Symposium, The Botswana Society, pp 13-19, 1976 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_Basin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_Delta http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_River http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bih%C3%A9_Plateau http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ngami http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Desert http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omuramba http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsodilo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoe_languages http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo_Supergroup http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm http://www.fortunecity.com/oasis/skegness/394/geology.htm http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/africa.pdf http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm http://sajg.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/104/3/243 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15970442/from/RS.3/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/309972/Kalahari http://www.eyesonafrica.net/ http://africamap.harvard.edu/http://africamap.harvard.edu/ (very useful interactive map) https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/maps/maptemplate_bc.html http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1803021 http://flowhoorc.blogspot.com/2009/10/geological-society-of- america-2009.html http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF- 8&rlz=1T4GWYE_enUS299US300&q=Geology+Botswana http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9D- 4H3BKSM- 1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=& view=c&_searchStrId=1152881590&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000 050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d506a277527 445b5c8dfd889c19b9e86 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9D- 4H3BKSM- 1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=& view=c&_searchStrId=1154378691&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000 050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=27797f3ed6df e726aa37857f59a2f1dchttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9D- 4H3BKSM- 1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=& view=c&_searchStrId=1154378691&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000 050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=27797f3ed6df e726aa37857f59a2f1dc

70. Hunting for OIL: Angola Next week – Session 3 70

71. Winter 2010 TREASURE HUNTING FROM THE CONGO TO THE CAPE Don Beaumont w/Sandi Phillips & Rocky Romero Three quick questions about the course: What do you like MOST about the course? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ How can we IMPROVE the course? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ On a scale of 1 to 10, how well does this course meet your expectations? (circle one) Did not meet Met Exceeded Expectation expectations expectations 1…….2….…3…....4….…5….…6….…7….…8….…9….…10 Additional comments? Send to Don Beaumont at dBeau1@suddenlink.net

73. BEAUTIFUL PHOTOS FROM NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Botswana women goin to the river with their fish “nets” Okavango River meandering thru the Delta Open Pit Mine, Botswana Clear waters of the Okavango Delta