1. Chapter 8 POPULATION STUDIES
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, Diversity and Change

2. Learning outcomes
in this chapter you will learn that:
The population cycle explains how birth and death rates change over time
Population density varies from place to place
A country’s population structure is shown on a “Population Pyramid”
High densities and low densities have social and economic effects
Poor countries have higher death rates than rich countries

3. POPULATION DENSITY
THE WORLDS POPULATION IS 6BILLION SOME AREA ARE: VERY DENSELY POPULATED……A LOT OF PEOPLE LIVE IN CERTAIN PLACES VERY SPARSLY POPULATED…..NOT MANY PEOPLE LIVE THERE.

4. TERMS
POPULATION DENSITY: THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER SQUARE KILOMETRE
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION: WHERE ALL THE PEOPLE LIVE IN AN AREA

5. Large population areas include Pakistan, India, china, Malaysia, Indonesia,

6. FOUR AREAS OF HIGH POPULATION DENSITY ARE:
NOTRH-EAST AMERICA
WESTERN EUROPE
INDIA, PAKISTAN, BANGLADESH
CHINA, JAPAN, INDONESIA

7. Population distribution around the world

8. Where do all the people in the world live?

9. What is the population of Ireland in 2005?
Ireland’s population 4.1 million

10. What is the population of the world in 2005?
World population 6,477 million
Over six billion people living in the world

11. How big is this figure? One billion = One thousand million
It would take you eleven days to count to one million if you allowed one second for every number you counted

12. Population growth In the past, population growth was slow and uneven.
Populations fluctuated because of wars, famine, disease.
People were dying because of a lack of medicine

13. Today’s population growth
The population of the world is growing:
by over 200,000 people every day 
This means that the birth rates are greater than the death rates = the population grows
The birth rate is the number of babies born per year for every 1,000 people in the total population
The death rate is the numbers of people dying per year for every 1,000 people in the total population
What happens to the population if the death rates are higher than the birth rates??

14. How do you calculate the population growth?
40 people are born
15 people die
40 – 15 = 25 per 1,000
25/1000 x100% = 2.5 % per year

15. Where is the population growth happening in the world?
Today most of the population growth is in developing countries: Asia and Africa
This is because people in poorer countries regard children as a source of income. When they retire, their children can provide a wage to help support their family

16. POPULATION GROWTH
IN RICH COUNTRIES TODAY THE POPULATIONS ARE GROWING SLOWLY
IN POOR COUNTRIES TODAY THE POPULATIONS ARE GETTING BIGGER VERY QUICKLY

18. SO……...WE CAN USE HOW RICH OR POOR A COUNTRY IS
……..TO TELL WHAT IS HAPPENING TO ITS POPULATION
LETS LOOK AT EUROPE OVER THE PAST 200 YEARS

19. The population cycle

20. STAGE ONE
200 YEARS AGO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION HAD NOT STARTED IN EUROPE
MOST PEOPLE LIVED IN THE COUNTRYSIDE AND WERE FARMERS
BIRTH RATES AND DEATH RATES WERE VERY HIGH. Famine, disease and natural disasters caused high death rates

21. STAGE TWO
As the economy of a country improves, the government spend money on health services and clean water is available
Birth rates remain high
Death rates begin to fall
The population begins to grow

22. STAGE THREE
Economic growth continues; People are more educated and they begin to plan family sizes.
Families have fewer children so the birth rates begins to fall
Death rates are still low

23. STAGE FOUR Countries are wealthy in this stage.
Parents continue to plan their family size
Birth rates are low
Death rates are low as most people survive to old age
Ireland is considered to be at this stage now

24. Stage 5
The death rate is higher than the birth rate because the population is now elderly
Women are having fewer children
Germany is at this stage now

25. Factors that affect population change
Food Supply
Improved Technology
Health
War
Status of Women
Education

26. Food supply affects population growth

27. Examples of food supply affecting populations in Ireland and Brazil
1800 Ireland had population of 4.5 million
Potato was main food.
By 1845 population grew to 8 million
famine. 1 million died
1900 Brazil: population was 17 million
2007 population was 192 million. Why?
Immigration and high birth rates
Farmers cleared land for agriculture-rice, maize, vegetables and fruit

28. 2. Improved Technology helps with population growth

29. 3. Health affects changes in population

30. Examples of how health is different in rich and poor countries
Rich country: water supply available: Safe drinking water and sanitation
Disease such as Tuberculosis has been wiped out due to availability of medication
Poor countries: Water not available in rural areas. They have a well which is unsafe-contaminated by animals….cholera

31. Population Pyramids
Population pyramids show the structure of the population
Age structure of the population. This is the proportion of people in different age groups.
Sex structure of the population. This is the proportion of males to females.

32. The population pyramid displays the age
POPULATION STRUCTURE
The population pyramid displays the age
and sex structure of a country or given area
OLD DEPENDANTS
ECONOMICALLY
ACTIVE
YOUNG
DEPENDANTS
Population in
Five Year
Age bands
FEMALES
To the right
MALES
To the left
Usually, but not always,
In % to make for easier
comparisons
between countries

33. Population Pyramid

34. Population structures of Brazil and Germany

35. Population pyramid Ireland

36. Ireland 2025

37. IRELAND 2050

38. Population pyramid for Brazil

39. Brazil is a country with a rapidly expanding poulation.
A wide base tells us that birth rates are high:
Lack of family planning, high rate of infant mortality, traditional role of women in society
A narrow peak tells us that death rates are high: this is because of
poor living standards, lack of good food, poor medical services, lack of clean water

40. Germany population pyramid

41. Germany is a developed country
A narrow base indicates low birth rates.
This is because of high rates of education = family planning, low infant mortality rates, women work outside the home, good access to medical services, Germany is industrialised so children are not needed to work in the primary sector (digging fields, mines)
A wide peak indicates low death rates: this is due to high living standards, good medical services and a developed economy

42. Irelands Population Pyramid

43. Ireland is a developed economy
A narrow base indicates low birth rates but there is an increase in the 0-4 age category in ireland
The reasons are the same as Germany..education/family planning…
The wide peak indicates low death rates as older people live longer. Life expectancy is high. Women live on average to 80 yrs and 75 for men in Ireland
Why?

44. Life Expectancy
Life expectancy is the average number of years which new born children can be expected to live.

45. Life Expectancy

46. Let’s look at page 215 of our book: Question 2 which pyramid represents a developing country and why? Calculate the percentage of the population that is 4 years and under.

47. Question 1 on page 215: look at the information on the table and answer the following questions (B) IN WHICH TABLE ARE THE 2 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES? (B) WHICH IS THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRY?
country
Birth rates per 1000
Death rates per 1000
% population under 15 years A 13 12 19 B 42 16 39 C 32 8 41 D 9 22 E 44

48. 2012 junior cert geography paper Name 1 country similar to A name one country similar to B explain why B has wider base than A name 2 uses of population pyramids

49. Population density and population distribution
Population density = average number of people living in a square kilometre. Areas with high population densities can have problems such as overcrowding, lack of clean water, pollution and lack of open spaces
Population distribution = the dispersion of people around the world: where people live. It is very uneven. People avoid very hot, dry, humid or cold areas. Example-Sahara desert, Greenland

50. World population densities

51. Percentage share of worlds population by continent

52. Lets recap what we did the last day
What information do population pyramids give us?
Describe what a pyramid for a developing country would look like
Describe what a pyramid for a less developed country would look like
Why do these countries have high birth rates?

53. Here is an interesting article from Saturday’s Irish Times
Listen to this article and make notes about anything that strikes you
This article is about one of the most dangerous places in the world to have a baby
Sierra Leone
High rates of maternal and infant mortality

54. At the end of todays class you will be able to:
Explain what a high population density means
list the problems that are caused by high density
Describe life in Kolkata
Examine and discuss the problems caused by overcrowding in Kolkata

55. High population densities
Overpopulation means that there are too many people living in an area relative to resources and technology to provide an adequate standard of living
An adequate standard of living means having access to clean water, shelter, food and clothing
Areas with high population densities include Kolkata (Calcutta) India and Hong Kong (China)

56. High population density has an effect on the social and economic geography of an area.

57. Kolkata was the new name given to Calcutta in 2001
Kolkata is in India and has one of the world’s largest populations
It has over 10 million people and is called a MEGA CITY
many areas have 32,000 people per square kilometre
500,000 people are pavement dwellers
It is a manufacturing city with a large port

58. A day in the life of the real slumdog millionaires India

59. Programmes to help street children in Kolkata

60. Taj Mahal New Delhi

61. Homework for today Monday 1st October
Write an essay on a typical day in the life of a person living in Calcutta
Points to include: overcrowding, shortage of clean water and lack of open space