1. Introduction to World Geography Mr. Healey

2. Equator Imaginary line that divides the earth into northern and southern hemispheres. It is expressed as 0° Latitude.
Northern Hemisphere
Equator
Southern Hemisphere

3. Prime Meridian Imaginary line that divides the earth into eastern and western hemispheres. Greenwich, England = 0° Longitude.
Prime Meridian
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere

4. Latitude Lines (Parallels) Used to locate places north or south of the equator Lines run parallel to the equator Total of 180 lines of latitude 90° North 90° South

5. Longitude Lines (Meridians) Used to locate places east or west of the Prime Meridian. Lines run from the North Pole to the South Pole. Total of 360 lines of longitude 180° East 180° West

6. Longitude Lines and Time   The distance between lines of latitude and longitude is approximately 70 miles.   As the Earth revolves around the sun, different parts of the Earth are experiencing different times of day at the same time.   For example, if it is twelve noon here, can the sun still be shining half-way around the world from our location?   Of course the answer is NO! As the Earth rotates, both sides of the globe cannot be facing the sun at the same time.   QUESTION: How do we tell what time it is around the world? ANSWER: We use lines of longitude to assist us.

7. Lines of longitude can also mark the hours of the day as the Earth rotates. Every 15° east or west is equal to one hour. If it is 12 noon at the Prime Meridian, what is the time at the other meridians?
North Pole
O Degrees (Prime Meridian)
90 W
30 W
15 W
15 E
30 E
90 E
South Pole

8. Major Latitude Lines Equator = 0° Tropic of Cancer = 23
Major Latitude Lines Equator = 0° Tropic of Cancer = 23.5° North Arctic Circle = 66.5° North North Pole = 90° North Tropic of Capricorn = 23.5° South Antarctic Circle = 66.5° South South Pole = 90° South

9. Major Latitude Lines North Pole 90° North Arctic Circle 66.5° North
Tropic of Cancer 23.5° North
EQUATOR 0°
Tropic of Capricorn 23.5° South
Antarctic Circle 66.5° South
South Pole 90° South

10. Major longitude Lines Prime Meridian = 0° International Date Line = 180°

11. Summer
Winter
Spring
Fall
Seasons As the Earth revolves around the Sun, it is tilted at 23.5° angle. Because of the Earth’s revolution and its tilt, different parts of the Earth receive the direct rays of the sun for more hours of the day at certain times of the year. This causes the changing of the seasons on the Earth.

12. Vernal (Spring) Equinox Occurs when the sun is directly over the Equator. (March 21st ). Equal amount of day and night during a 24-hour period.
Earth is tilted at 23.5 degrees
North Pole 90° N
Sun’s direct rays strike the Equator
Equator
South Pole 90° S

13. Tropic of Cancer 23.5° North
Summer Solstice Occurs when the sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer (June 21st). Marks the longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere. New York City sees approx. 15 hours of light and 9 hours of dark. Sunrise = 5:25am Sunset = 8:30pm
Northern Hemisphere facing sun’s direct rays
North Pole 90° N
Sun’s direct rays strike the Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Cancer 23.5° North
South Pole 90° S

14. Autumnal Equinox Occurs when the sun is again directly over the Equator (Sept. 23rd). Equal amount of day and night during a 24-hour period.
Earth is tilted at 23.5 degrees
North Pole 90° N
Sun’s direct rays strike the Equator
Equator
South Pole 90° S

15. Tropic of Capricorn 23.5° South
Winter Solstice Occurs when the sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn (December 21st). Marks the shortest day of the year in the northern hemisphere. New York City sees the reverse in hours of day and night from the summer solstice.
Northern Hemisphere tilted away from sun
North Pole 90° N
Sun’s direct rays strike the Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of Capricorn 23.5° South
South Pole 90° S

16. Aphelion The point at which the earth is farthest from the sun during its orbit. Occurs around July 3 when the earth is 94.5 million miles away.   Perihelion The point at which the earth is closest to the sun during its orbit. Occurs around January 4 when the earth is 91.4 million miles away.