1. the Indian subcontinent
Since 1947:
The Legacy of
Independence

2. Last Viceroy: Lord Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten

3. Border problems India Split: India (Hindu Majority)
East and West Pakistan (Muslim Majority
These two nations would have a huge influence on the region from 1947 on…

4. Political Leaders of India Since Independence

5. Jawarlal Nehru Ally of Gandhi. 1st Prime Minister of India, 1947-1964.
Advocated Industrialization vs. Gandhi’s rural emphasis
Promoted increased agriculture… Taken up by his daughter, Indira (who was best know for it)
Mixed Economy  Socialism coming up in a minute!
Nonaligned Movement.
Nehru met Gandhi in 1916 at the annual Indian National Congress convention.
He participated in the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign and spent time in jail along with Gandhi.
At independence, Nehru became the nation’s first prime minister and was continually reelected until his death in 1964.
Nehru pushed modernization of the country, and industrialization of its economy.

6. Nehru Leads India
Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first prime minister of independent India
Rules for 17 years; pushes for economic and social reforms
Leads alliance of countries that were neutral in Cold War

7. NEHRU FIVE YEAR PLANS SOCIALIST ECONOMY NEUTRAL IN COLD WAR
LEFT BRITISH-TRAINED CIVIL SERVICE INTACT
INDIA A “ONE-PARTY DEMOCRACY” – Nehru was very popular and respected
Prime minister , when he died

8. Non-Alignment Movement

9. Indira Gandhi Nehru’s daughter. Prime Minister of India, 1966-1984.
Continues Nehru’s policies. Especially the Green Revolution
Faced internal rebellion from the Sikh (a group that blends Hinduism and Islam) separatists.
Control Population!
Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma.
Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father.
In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated.
Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state.
The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back.
The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary.
Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged.
In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.

10. Indian National Congress
Indira Gandhi
created a top-down structure
party leaders appoint party officials
some limited party elections
left-of-center, pro-poor political platform

11. A FAKE “EMERGENCY” – INDIA REMAINS A DEMOCRACY
INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO GAIN DICTATORIAL POWERS WHEN SHE’S ACCUSED OF CORRUPTION IN 1975
JANATA DAL PARTY DEFEATS CONGRESS IN ELECTIONS IN 1977, RESTORES FULL DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL RIGHTS – First time Congress party is defeated.
DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS, INDIA REMAINS COMMITTED TO POLITICAL DEMOCRACY

12. India’s persecution of the Sikhs (a group that blends Hinduism and Islam)
Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma.
Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father.
In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated.
Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state.
The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back.
The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary.
Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged.
In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.
Push for Independence

13. Resentment follows partition of the Punjab between Pakistan and India.

14. Sikh nationalists demand their own nation called Khalistan.

16. 1984: Sikh seperatists take over the Golden Temple
1984: Sikh seperatists take over the Golden Temple. The Indian army attacks the temple.

18. Over 600 die in the attack.

19. Troubled Times
Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, rules much of the time from
She faces opposition from Sikhs, and is assassinated by Sikh bodyguards.

20. Mrs. Gandhi assassinated! Mrs. Gandhi lying in state. 1984
Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma.
Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father.
In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated.
Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state.
The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back.
The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary.
Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged.
In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.
Mrs. Gandhi lying in state. 1984

21. INDIRA GANDHI NEHRU’S DAUGHTER NOT RELATED TO MAHATMA GANDHI
POPULAR BUT ECONOMY DID POORLY IN 1970s
P.M , ASSASSINATED BY A SIKH BODYGUARD.

22. 1985: Sikh terrorists blow up Air India plane flying out of Toronto, Canada, killing 329.

23. Sikh nationalism continues, but lacks any force

24. Rajiv Gandhi Indira’s son. Prime Minister of India, 1984-1989.
Some reform of economy and government. Privatization!
Also faced rebellion.
Assassinated in 1991 while campaigning by Tamil Tigers (a separatist group).
. General elections in November 1989 brought the defeat of Rajiv Gandhi. Officials in his government were accused of taking kickbacks from the Bofors Company of Sweden in a purchase of guns for the army. Vishwanath Pratap Singh, leader of the Janata Dal party, was sworn in as prime minister on Dec. 2, In March 1990 India withdrew the last of its 50,000 troops from Sri Lanka. The peacekeeping force failed in its three-year effort to reconcile the Tamils with the majority Sinhalese. Campaigning to return to office, Gandhi was killed by a bomb blast on May 21, 1991.

25. RAJIV GANDHI INDIRA’S SON POPULAR INTERVENES IN SRI LANKA CIVIL WAR
P.M. FROM 1984 UNTIL ASSASSINATED BY TAMIL SEPARATISTS IN 1991

26. A foreigner joins the family
Italian-born Sonia Maino married Rajiv
She moved into the house of mother-in- law, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

27. Mrs. Sonia Maino Gandhi 1983  Indian citizen.
1984  first lady when her husband, Rajiv Gandhi, succeeded his assassinated mother as Prime Minister.

28. Troubled Times
Her son Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister, but is assassinated in 1991.

29. 1991  Tragedy struck the Gandhi family again when Rajiv was killed by a suicide bomber.

30. Sonia Gandhi remains Roman Catholic, but follows Hindu and Indian traditions.
With her children, she scattered Rajiv's ashes in the Ganges.

31. MORE GANDHIS
Indira’s other son, Sanjay, died in a plane crash in 1980.
Rajiv’s widow, Sonia, is Italian-born. She is president of the Congress party.
Controversy about whether she should run for higher office.

32. After Rajiv's death Sonia shied away from the spotlight
After Rajiv's death Sonia shied away from the spotlight. In 1998, she agreed to start her own career as a “Gandhi” again and became an important political leader.

33. Sonia's son Rahul and daughter Priyanka have also become politically active.

34. “The Jewel turns down the crown!”
When her party won in the recent elections, she was asked to be Prime Minister.
She decided not to accept the position.

36. ECONOMIC REFORMS – 1991 – THE BIG CHANGE
MANMOHAN SINGH becomes finance minister in 1991
Engineers major reforms to loosen up government control of the economy
Economic takeoff in past 17 years.
Singh is currently Prime Minister
Member of Congress Party

37. Manmohan Singh
May 2004  he held up a letter from India's president authorizing him to form a new government as prime minister.
He stood next to Sonia Gandhi, the candidate for the post who stunned the country when she declined the office.

38. Current Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh
He is the first Indian Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term.
He is also the first Sikh to hold the post.
Earlier, during his tenure as the Finance Minister from 1991 to 1996, Singh was widely credited for carrying out economic reforms in India in 1991 which resulted in the end of the infamous Licence Raj system and the opening up of the Indian economy.

39. May 2004
India Swears in 13th Prime Minister and the first Sikh in the job.

41. Political Institutions & Parties
Politics of India
Political Institutions & Parties

42. Republic of India
A federal republic with a parliamentary system of government
capital: New Delhi

43. Political System
A federal parliamentary multi-party representative democratic republic modeled after the British Westminster System.
Like the United States, India has a federal form of government, however, the central government in India has greater power in relation to its states.
At the federal level, India is the most populous democracy in the world. While many neighboring countries witness frequent coups, Indian democracy has been suspended only once.
Indian politics is often described as chaotic. More than a fifth of parliament members face criminal charges.

44. A federal system
26 states and 6 centrally administered Union Territories
2 states are partially claimed by Pakistan and China

45. Federal system Relatively centralized
federal government controls the most essential government functions
defense
foreign policy
taxation
public expenditures
economic (industrial) planning

46. Federal system state governments formally control agriculture
education
law and order within states
dependent on central government for funds

47. Federal system Balance of power between central and state governments
varies by time and place
state power was constrained
during the rule of Nehru and Indira Gandhi
state governments have more room to maneuver
when central government is weak
since 1998

48. Parallel state structure
Formal political structure of the states parallels that of the national government
national state
President Governor
Prime Minister Chief Minister
Parliament Assembly
Supreme Court High Court

49. The legislature Parliamentary system of government
the executive authority is responsible to the Parliament

50. The legislature bicameral Parliament Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
Lok Sabha (House of the People)

51. Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
The Upper House

52. Upper House Rajya Sabha (Council of States) not more than 250 members
12 are nominated by the President of India
the rest are indirectly elected
by state Legislative Assemblies
The Council of States can not be dissolved
members have terms of 6 years
1/3 members retire at end of every 2nd year

53. Lok Sabha
House of the People

54. Lower House Lok Sabha (House of the People) 545 members
2 are appointed by the President of India
the rest are directly elected from single-member districts
5-year terms unless dissolved
Lok Sabha elects its presiding officer
the Speaker

55. Lok Sabha Elections held at least every 5 years
Prime Minister may call elections earlier
543 single-member districts of roughly equal population
party nomination
1st-past-the-post
winner-take-all
women’s share

56. Elections to Lok Sabha
Vote share of 3 major political parties

57. Political Parties Indian National Congress (INC)
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Communist Party of India Marxism (CPIM)
And others…

58. Current composition 43 parties in the 13th Lok Sabha (1999)
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Indian National Congress (INC)
Communist Party of India (M) 34 43
other political parties
total

59. Indian National Congress
India’s oldest political party
since 1885
India’s premier political party
until 1990s
in 1960s many regional parties started challenging INC’s monopoly on power

60. Indian National Congress
INC moved toward the ideological center
Beginning in 1984
INC today tilts right-of-center
economic efficiency
business interests
limited government spending

61. Indian National Congress
INC has always attracted support from diverse social groups
in the 1990s INC has lost some of its traditional constituencies among the poor and Muslims

62. Indian National Congress (INC)
INC was the leader of the Indian Independence Movement.
It is the nation's dominant political party, ruling the country for 48 of the 60 years since independence in 1947.
led by the Nehru-Gandhi family for the most part; major challenges for party leadership have only recently formed.

63. Indian National Congress (INC)
In the 2009 general elections, the Congress emerged as the single largest party in the Lok Sabha (the lower house), with 206 of its candidates getting elected to the 543-member house.
Consequently, it along with a coalition of allies called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), was able to gain a majority and form the government.

64. INC Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru (1947–1964)
Gulzarilal Nanda (May - June 1964 and in January 1966)
Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964–1966)
Indira Gandhi (1966–1977, 1980–1984)
Rajiv Gandhi (1984–1989)
P.V. Narasimha Rao (1991–1996)
Manmohan Singh (2004 -)

65. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
The major political party in India today
right-leaning, Hindu-nationalist party
first major party to mobilize explicitly on the basis of religious identity

66. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Indian People's Party (BJP) is a major political party in India, founded in 1980.
The party is associated with Hindu nationalism and advocates conservative social policies, self-reliance, free market economics, foreign policy driven by a nationalist agenda, and strong national defence.
The BJP, in alliance with several other parties, was in power from 1998 to 2004, with Atal Bihari Vajpayee as the Prime Minister and Lal Krishna Advani as his deputy.
It is the biggest constituent of the National Democratic Alliance which is currently in the opposition.

67. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
better organized than INC
disciplined party members
carefully selected party cadres
clear and respected authority line within the party

68. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Traditional supporters
urban, lower-middle-class groups
base of support widened since mid-1980s
Hindu nationalism
north-central India
decline of Indian National Congress
Muslims as convenient scapegoat for frustration

69. BJP’s rapid rise to power
electoral success from 1989 to 1999
difficulty in forming alliance with other parties
break with past traditions
relatively moderate, centrist position
BJP formed governing coalition in 1998
collapsed in 1999
BJP formed a new coalition in 1999
more broadly based than previous coalition

70. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
economic liberalization and stability
privilege the interests of the Hindu majority

71. Bharatiya Jana Sangh
It existed from 1951 to 1980, whereupon it was succeeded by the Bharatiya Janata Party, one of India's largest political parties.
The BJS was considered the political arm of Hindu Nationalism, with the RSS being the central base. The Vishwa Hindu Parishad, formed in 1964 would become the religious arm.
The BJS also attracted many conservative members of the Indian National Congress who were disenchanted with the more socialist policies and politics of Jawaharlal Nehru and the Congress Party.

72. Communist Party of India Marxism (CPIM)
It has a strong presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura.
As of 2010, CPI(M) is leading the state governments in these three states.

74. And Others…

75. Prime Minister
Leader of the majority party leader in Lok Sabha becomes the prime minister
prime minister nominates a cabinet
members of Parliament in the ruling coalition
Council of Ministers
effective power is concentrated in the office of the prime minister
where most of the important policies originate

76. Prime Ministers of India
38 years in the Nehru-Gandhi family
more and more rapid turnover

77. The President of India Head of the State
Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces
elected by an electoral college
national Parliament
state legislature
5-year terms
can be reelected

78. The President of India Ceremonial office
symbolize national unity
supposedly above partisan politics
mostly acts on the advice of the prime minister
President plays a significant role when the selection of a prime minister is complex
in 1998 President requested BJP to form govt.

80. The Judiciary Fundamental contradiction in constitution
principle of parliamentary sovereignty
principle of judicial review

81. The Judiciary
judiciary tries to preserve the constitution’s basic structure
to ensure that legislation conforms with the intent of the constitution
parliament tries to assert its right to amend the constitution