1. Colonial Society (Up at 1750)

2. Themes Family and community life in New England and Chesapeake Bay
Colonial economy and politics
History of ideas:
- Enlightenment and Great Awakening

3. New England Colonies Northern Colonies
States included: Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine

4. New England Thomas Smith
Captain who mixed his work ethic with his pious Puritan beliefs
New England society

5. New England Society (Education)
Heavy emphasis on education
Towns were required to appoint teachers
Harvard College was founded in 1636 to train ministers

6. New England Society (Education and Literacy)
About 90% of adult white men and 40% of adult white women could sign their names
Other colonies: It was no more than 50%
In England: Up to 33% could read and write

7. New England Society: Community Life
The Meeting House was the center
Homes were close to one another in town; plots allotted for farming were not necessarily next to homes
High population density:
-Many families within one mile of each other
- Created atmosphere of “watchfulness;” fit goal became a “city upon a hill” with dissent
This could be linked to Salem Witch Trails of the 1690s
- Easy to help each other and work together

8. Convicted Criminal Exposed to Public Ridicule

9. Land Divisions in Sudbury, Massachusetts (1639 – 1656)

10. New England Society: Family Life
Family – Backbone of community
Family Organization:
- Father: Head of family
- Mother: Often became “deputy husbands” - Children: Provided labor force
Stability
- 80% of children reach adulthood; worked at servants
- Long life expectancy; generally healthy. Men age of 65

11. Chesapeake Bay
Consisted of states: Virginia and Maryland

12. Chesapeake Society Tobacco cultivation dominated the region
Large profits could be made, but prices fluctuated
Indentured servants and slaves were common on plantations

13. Chesapeake Society: Community Life
Homes were spread-out and far from one another; usually placed along rivers and streams
Communities were placed next to the James River or connecting rivers as to transport tobacco
Low population density
- 6 people per sq. mile
Large plantation homes were the “center” of social life
High risk of death; living near swamps and lakes meant diseases and infections

14. Pattern of Settlement in Surry County, Virginia (1620 – 1660)

15. Chesapeake Society: Family Life
Chaotic!
High infant mortality rates
Life expectancy in 1600s
- Men: 48
- Women: 44
Complex households developed with numerous stepchildren and stepparents
Labor Force: Servants and slaves; children did not live very long to be used as laborers

16. Indentured Servants Headright System:
- 50 acres was granted, by the Virginia Company, to those who paid a servant’s travel costs
- Many servants traveled for economic opportunity; not religious freedom
Between 1630 – ,000 migrated from England to the Chesapeake Bay
Up to 90% were indentured servants
- Most servants were male and starting families proved difficult
Up to 40% died within six years and up to 70% died by the time they reached the age of 49
** Why take the risk**

17. Decline in Real Wages in England (1500 – 1700)
More free opportunity ($$$) in Chesapeake Bay

18. Life for Indentured Servants
Owners paid passage across the Atlantic
In return servants worked 4 -7 years to pay off debt
They often faced VERY poor treatment
At end of service they received supplies and land; ex. Some owners gave servants food, clothing, and seeds for one full year of harvest
The servants who made it past the 7 years faced hard times due to settling on undesirable land

19. Bacon’s Rebellion (Background)
Tension developed between large landowners and former indentured servants
Growing gap between elite rich plantation owners and poor
The price of tobacco plummeted
Increased concern with conflict over Native Americans

20. Tobacco Prices (1618 – 1710)

21. Conflict with Native Americans (1670s)
Settlers (often former servants) in outlying areas encroached on land reserved for Indians
Indians retaliated
William Berkeley, Virginia’s Governor, did not respond with force; settlers acted on their own
Led by recent arrival Nathanial Bacon

22. Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Nathaniel Bacon led a militia of about 300
Fought to exterminate Indians on Virginia’s frontier
Clashed with Governor Berkeley and burned Jamestown
Bacon later died suddenly of dysentery
Rebellion came to a halt

23. Bacon’s Rebellion (Aftermath)
Many elites in the Chesapeake were shocked by the events
Before the Rebellion, but particularly afterward, planters increased importation of African slaves and relied less on the labor of indentured servants.
Indentured servants required owners to free them after their debt was paid and could rebel if treated unfairly

24. Toward Slavery in Chesapeake
In 1619: First documented slaves arrived in Jamestown
In 1660: Fewer than 1,000 slaves in Virginia and Maryland. No more than 5% of population
In 1700: At least 20,000 slaves in Virginia and Maryland (22% of population)

25. Slavery Outside the Chesapeake
By early 1700s slave labor was used extensively in South Carolina
Slavery existed in ALL of England’s North American colonies
- Slaves made up 20% of New York City’s population in mid-1770s

26. Economics Trade tied the colonies and England to one another
England purchased more Americans goods and provided more imports than any other nations
This was partly due to mercantilism

27. Mercantilism Very popular among European nations
A nation’s power was determined by its wealth (in gold and silver)
Key: Nations must export more goods than are imported. Nations must produce everything they needed so as to not depend on others
Development of colonies was influenced by this system overall

28. Mercantilism (England and its colonies)
Colonies provided raw materials: tobacco, rice, sugar, lumber, furs, etc
Colonists purchased finished products manufactured in England
Triangular Trade

29. Atlantic Trade Routes (Triangular Trade)

30. Navigation Acts (1651 – 1673)
All trade goods sent to the colonists had to be transported on English ships
Enumerated goods, such as wool, sugar, tobacco, and indigo, had to be shipped to England
All foreign goods had to travel through England before reaching the colonies
*Benefited the economy of England and port cities in colonies*

31. Populations of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, 1690 – 1776
- 1700: 5k, 1720: 7k, 1740: 9k, 1760: 15k, 1776: 24k
Boston
1700: 6k, 1720: 11k, 1740: 16k, 1760: 15k, 1776: 16k
Philadelphia
- 1700: 2k, 1720: 5k, 1740: 8k, 1760: 16k, 1776: 21k

32. Economic and Politics
The Crown and Parliament established regulations for the colonies; each colony, however, did have its own local government

33. Colonial Governments
Governor: Appointed by the King or Proprietor in most cases
Council: Chosen by Governor and served as advisors
Assembly: Elected by voters; had the power to pass laws, levy taxes and control budgets

34. Colonial Governments (Voting and Holding Office)
Women and non-whites were not eligible voters
However, most adult white males over 40 had the right to vote
- In England, only about 33% of men could vote
Wealthy elites tended to dominate Assemblies

35. Influential European Movements
Renaissance
The Enlightenment

36. Renaissance (1300s – 1600s) Rebirth of classical learning
- Aristotle, Socrates
Humanists – the first to look outside the bible for knowledge
- ask questions; always asking why??
- why does the Pope have so much power?

37. The Enlightenment
An intellectual movement associated with Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries
Individuals applied rational/scientific though to the world in which they lived
What is the scientific method?

38. The Enlightenment (Science)
Isaac Newton
A mathematician and physicist
“Discovered” the law of gravity
Explained how the universe was organized by a series of rational laws

39. Enlightenment (Role of Government)
John Locke’s Compact Theory
All have natural rights of life, liberty, and property
To protect rights, people establish a government with limited powers
The people have the right to revolt if the government oversteps its powers
*Government is naturally evil; people are needed to control government*

40. Enlightenment (Role of Government)
Impact of Locke’s writings:
- Provided a philosophical justification for colonists during the American Revolution

41. Enlightenment (Role of Government)
Thomas Hobbs (Puritan)
Humans fell from grace in the Book of Genesis
They sinned against God’s natural law
Man is evil
Government is needed to control human nature

42. Enlightenment (Role of Government)
Impact of Hobbe’s writings:
- Influenced Alexander Hamilton who will later have much influence in the making of the U.S. Constitution

43. Enlightenment (Role of Government)
Montesquieu (French philosopher)
Spirit of the laws
Government must be based on the system of checks & balances

44. Enlightenment (Role of Government)
Impact of Montesquieu writings:
Directly influenced James Madison who is the Father of the U.S. Constitution and creates our 3 branch system of government

45. Enlightenment (In the Colonies)
Ben Franklin – influenced by Enlightenment
Born in Boston; moved to Philadelphia
Founding American Philosophical Society in 1743

46. Enlightenment (In the Colonies)
Thomas Jefferson – Enlightened by thinker
He and others were influenced by deism
Believed in a Supreme Being who created the universe
Universe then operated without divine interference
Supported religious freedom

47. Religious Debate Aren’t are founding fathers Christian?
Christian: Be born again by receiving the Holy Spirit and being baptized
In order for a nation to become a Christian nation, it must be run by God and his prophets
His word would be law
The founding fathers do not fit the criteria

48. Famous Masons
John Adams, Samuel Adams, Ethan Allen, Edmund Burke, John Claypoole, William Daws, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, John Paul Jones, Robert Livingston, James Madison, Paul Revere, George Washington, Daniel Webster

49. Great Awakening
A religious fervor spread across British North America in 1730s
Puritanism was failing
Jonathan Edwards, a New England minister, was an example
- “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

50. Great Awakening George Whitefield Arrived in 1739
Impact = increased church membership
- Connecticut: from 630 church members to 3,200 following his visit

51. Great Awakening (Legacy)
Presbyterian and Baptist churches gained members at the expense of Anglicans and Congregationalists
Slave owners were encouraged to convert their slaves to Christianity and improve their treatment

52. Review Life in the Chesapeake colonies compared to New England
Indentured servants and growth of slavery
Mercantilism and politics
Enlightenment and Great Awakening