1. Expanding Markets and Moving West
Chapter 9
Expanding Markets and Moving West

2. Essential Question
What were the causes and consequences of Westward Expansion?

3. Section 1 – The Market Revolution
Objectives:
Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U.S. economy.
Identify the inventions that enhanced people’s lives and helped fuel the country’s economic growth.
Explain how transportation and communication systems helped to link America’s regions and make them interdependent.

4. Early 19th Century
Rural Workers Produced own goods traded when necessary Farm Families Self Sufficient

5. Mid 19th Century More Industrialized – Northeast Rise of textile mills
Developed factory system
Farmers change to specialization (raising crop for a profit)
Led to Market Revolution

6. Market Revolution
People buy and sell goods rather than making them for own use
Changed U.S. economy
Changed lives of Americans

7. Capitalism
Economic system in which private businesses and individuals control the means of production (factories, machines, land) and use it for a profit

8. Francis Cabot Lowell
Capitalist who risked his own money to start a company
Known as an entrepreneur
1813 formed the Boston Manufacturing Company
Produced textiles

9. Charles Goodyear Entrepreneur who helped developed vulcanized rubber
1839 discovered when rubber is mixed with sulfur and heated it toughens into a durable elastic.
Named it vulcanization after the mythological god of fire – Vulcan
First used to protect boots

10. Elias Howe
1846 – sewing machine
First used in shoe factories

11. I. M. Singer Invention the foot treadle
Reduced the time to sew garments
Led to production of clothing
Reduced the cost of clothing

12. Economic Revolution Impacted consumers Enhanced business activities
Improved transportation system

13. Impact on Communication
Samuel Morse – 1837 telegraph
Carried messages tapped in code across copper wire
Telegraph lines connected larger cities on the East Coast
Business could transmit orders, relay up-to-date information on prices and sales
Used by trains to maintain schedules and warn of hazards
By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed the country

14. Impact of Transportation
Robert Fulton – 1807 invented the Clermont, first successful steamboat. (traveled 150 miles up Hudson River from NYC to Albany in 32 hours)
Increased canals in the U.S. ( miles of canals, ,300 miles of canals)

15. Erie Canal First major canal in the U.S.
Joined the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean
Cut the cost of freight from 19 cents to 2 cents a ton per mile

16. Emergence of Railroads
RR caused transportation by canals to decline
RR offered speed (4 X faster than canals)
Pulled freight at ten miles an hour
Trains could operate in the winter
Trains brought goods to people who lived inland
Safe and reliable
,000 miles of RR had been laid
1859 RR carried 2 billion tons of freight a year

18. New Markets Link Regions in the U.S.
1818 National Road
Extended from Cumberland, MD to Wheeling, VA.
1838 extended to Springfield, IL
Contributed to the development of regional specialties

19. Southern Agriculture Cash crops – tobacco, rice, cotton
Exported cotton to England and New England (Northeast)

20. Northeast Shipping and Manufacturing
Center of American commerce
Erie Canal made New York City the central link between American agriculture and European markets (exported more cotton than any other city)
NE manufacturing produced more and better goods at lower prices than before

21. Midwest Farming 2 inventions that helped cultivate the land
Steel Plow – 1837 by John Deere
Mechanical Reaper – Cyrus McCormick

22. Manifest Destiny
The belief that Americans should spread over the whole North American continent from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean

23. Trails West
Dangerous
Feared Native American attacks
Many died

24. Santa Fe Trail Busiest and most well known avenues of trade
Helped to open trade with Mexico
780 miles
Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

25. Oregon Trail Started in Independence, Missouri
Ended in Portland, Oregon
Led to Oregon Territory – controlled by British
Wanted to reach the Pacific Ocean
54-40 or fight – 49th parallel

26. Mormon Trail Used by Mormons to travel to Salt Lake City, Utah
Led by Brigham Young

27. California Trail
Gold Rush

28. Expansion in Texas
Mission System – convert Native Americans to Catholicism
Impact of Mexican Independence – resulted in loose control over Mexican settlements in Texas and New Mexico
Mexico invites U.S. settlers – gave land grants to American settlers (empresarios) who pledged to obey Mexican laws

29. Stephen Austin Most successful empresario
Brought first settlers to Texas

30. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Mexican president

31. Battle of the Alamo Old Spanish mission Against Mexicans
Most Texans died
“Remember the Alamo”

32. William Travis
Alabama lawyer
Led the Battle of the Alamo

33. Battle of San Jancito
Defeated Mexican general Santa Anna

34. Sam Houston Led Texans at the Battle of San Jacinto
Created the Republic of Texas (Lone Star Republic)

35. 1836
Texas won their independence from Mexico

36. 1845 President Polk wanted to annex Texas Texas became a state
28th state

37. War with Mexico Causes Hostilities during the Texas Revolution
President Polk wanted New Mexico and California
Disagreement over Texas-Mexico southern border

38. Bear Flag Rebellion Americans in California rebelled against Mexico
Started the Mexican War
California became known as the Bear Flag Republic

39. Zachary Taylor
U.S. General
Ordered to block the Rio Grande River

40. Sectionalism Attitude about War with Mexico
Southerners wanted to extend slavery and increase power in Congress
Abolitionists were strongly opposed to expansion
Wilmot Proviso – proposed to prohibit slavery in lands gained from Mexico

41. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848
Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as southern border of Texas
Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to U.S.
U.S. agreed to pay Mexico 15 million

42. Gadsden Purchase
President Franklin Pierce paid $10 million to Mexico to secure southern border below the Gila River

43. Compromise of 1850
Established because of California Gold Rush and need to be admitted as a state
Admitted California as a free state