1. Media Literacy in Secondary Schools A State of Affairs in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region Katie Goeman Bram Pynoo

2. Factsheet MICTIVO Researchers Promoters Type of research Commissioned by Duration Main objective Target population Actors Method Reports Monitor for ICT integration in Flemish education Bram Pynoo, Stephanie Kerckaert Jan Elen, Katie Goeman & Johan van Braak Policy preparation & follow-up research Department of Education, Flemish Ministry of Education and Training April 2012 – October 2013 Mapping ICT integration and its determinants at the system level Primary, secondary & basic education Pupils, teachers and principals Online survey research, representative sampling of schools www.mictivo.be Evers et al. (2009), Pynoo et al. (2013)

4. Definition MEDIA LITERACY The unity of knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for citizens to live consciously and critically in a complex, changing and mediatised society. It is the ability to use the media actively and creatively in a manner that is directed at social participation (Concept paper media literacy, 2012). Focus on ICT and internet use (see Van Deursen & Van Dijk, 2009; van den Berg, Jager & Gillebaard, 2010) … to what extent students and teachers employ print, audiovisual and computer-based media in an active way, to what degree are they able to gauge opportunities and risks and to reflect about how media influence their actions…

5. Measurement (SOCIAL) MEDIA USE ❖ Media use (never to a couple of times/day)  passive (14 items): pupils do not create any content – reading a newspaper, following twitter messages, listening to radio, etc.  active (11 items): pupil create or edit content – making pictures, wite an article, create a video, write a post, etc. ❖ Motives for media use (teachers)  motivation – support – class discussion – entertainment – other

6. Measurement MEDIA LITERACY ❖ Attitude : chat, internet/discussion forum (2 items, totally disagree > totally agree) ❖ Knowledge: password, advertising, viruses, references (7 items, totally disagree > totally agree) ❖ Skills : information and strategical skills (5 items) & responsible internet use (3 items)

7. Data collection STRATIFIED SAMPLING (20% of the total population of schools or school groups ) Study 3 (10%) + Pupils Study 2 (10%) + Teachers Study I (80%) Headmasters

8. Response rates MICTIVO 1MICTIVO 2 Schools (N)190217 Headmasters Teachers Pupils (1 st > 7 th year) 155 377 1311 217 1377 2534 Respondents (N)18434128

9. Hardware@school Ratio PC/100 pupils56,5 Ratio PC/100 pupils (PC <4 years old) 33 The European benchmark of 1 computer per 4 pupils is reached. A relatively high proportion of the computers is old: 1/2 in special and 1/3 in regular secondary education. On average 6.7 interactive whiteboards – in 5 years time from 0% to 40%. 28% of the secondary schools possess tablet PCs.

10. Social media use TEACHERS (in %) How frequent do you employ social media to…Missing12345678 Let pupils look up information. 3.361.825.76.51.70.70.20.17.8 Let pupils cooperate with fellow pupils of one’s own school. 3.075.015.44.21.70.50.20.0 5.5 Let pupils cooperate with pupils of another school. 1.792.54.11.10.5 0.0 1.8 Have pupils of one’s own school chatting or posting about an assignment or learning content. 2.582.99.83.41.20.20.10.0 3.2 Have pupils chatting or posting about an assignment or learning content with pupils of another school. 2.684.09.32.71.00.2 0.0 2.8 To communicate with pupils. 1.776.712.05.82.80.70.30.0 2.3 To support pupils with a disability. 1.285.38.23.11.20.50.40.0 1.2 Let pupils process new learning content independently. 1.877.613.74.31.50.80.30.1 2.5 Let pupils make exercises. 1.778.011.85.12.10.80.50.0 1.6 Let pupils test their knowledge. 1.489.66.11.90.70.10.20.0 1.2 Monitor pupuls’ performance. 1.881.06.75.23.11.20.80.1 1.8 1 = never, 2 = a couple of times/year, 3 = one or more times/month, 4 = weekly, 5 = a couple of times/week, 6 = daily, 7 = a couple of times/day 8 = within a particular project

11. Social media use PUPILS AVERAGE 1 (never) > 7 (a couple of times/day) 2,7 USE DIFFERENCES according to gender girls > boys (!) USE DIFFERENCES according to year of schooling 6 th year > 1 st – 3rd year, 5 th year 5 th year > 1 st year 4 th year >1 st and 2 nd year

12. Media use type TOP 5 Passive Look at slides or photos82.3% Read a newspaper73.0% Watch a movie75.8% Watch a documentary69.4% Read a magazine74.5% Active Make a photo35.9% Write an article for a newspaper 26.3% Edit a photo26,3% Create a video17.8% Write a letter for a newspaper or a magazine 11.8%

13. Main objective NewspaperIllustration MagazineIllustration DocumentaryIllustration FilmIllustration LetterIllustration RadioIllustration TV journalIllustration BlogMotivation of pupils Slides or photosIllustration GamesMotivation of pupils AnimationIllustration ReclameIllustration Video clipsMotivation of pupils SoapsIllustration TwitterMotivation of pupils

14. Media literacy SCALE ANALYSIS PUPILS (EFA > CFA & Cronbach’s alpha) within teacher group: single factor selected Media literacy Skills (2 factors) Search Privacy / Higher- order Knowledge and attitude (1 factor)

15. Knowledge and attitudes TEACHERS RegularSpecial AVERAGE 1 (totally disagree) > 6 (totally agree) 3.6 K & A DIFFERENCES according to gender men > womenn.s. K & A DIFFERENCES according to age n.s. K & A DIFFERENCES according to year of schooling n.s.n/a K & A DIFFERENCES according to education type BSO > ASOn/a

16. Search skills TEACHERS RegularSpecial AVERAGE 1 (never) > 7 (a couple of times/day) 2.41.9 K & A DIFFERENCES according to gender men > womenn.s. K & A DIFFERENCES according to age n.s. K & A DIFFERENCES according to year of schooling n.s.n/a K & A DIFFERENCES according to education type TSO > ASOn/a

17. Higher-order skills TEACHERS RegularSpecial AVERAGE 1 (never) > 7 (a couple of times/day) 2.22.3 K & A DIFFERENCES according to gender men > womenn.s. K & A DIFFERENCES according to age n.s. K & A DIFFERENCES according to year of schooling n.s.n/a K & A DIFFERENCES according to education type BSO > TSO > ASO n/a

18. Knowledge and attitudes PUPILS AVERAGE 1 (never) > 5 (always) 4.7 K & A DIFFERENCES according to gender girls > boys K & A DIFFERENCES according to year of schooling lowest scores in 2 nd grade

19. Search skills PUPILS AVERAGE 1 (never) > 5 (always) 2,7 SKILL DIFFERENCES according to gender n.s. SKILL DIFFERENCES according to year of schooling 6 th year > 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th year 5 th year > 2 nd, 4 th year

20. Conclusions ❖ Traditional versus new media use ❖ Time for action!  hardware  professional development  structural changes  teacher education

21. More information www.mictivo.be

22. Katie Goeman Lecturer, researcher and project leader for educational innovation Katie.Goeman@kuleuven.be Bram Pynoo project manager didactics and ICT ENW AUGent Bram.Pynoo@augent.be