1. The Soviet Union & Eastern Europe
20-2

2. Key Terms
Heavy industry – the manufacture of machines & equipment for factories & mines
De-Stalinization – the process of eliminating the more ruthless polices of Stalin

3. Wiki Post Do you have your own bedroom?
**During this time, the average Russian family lived in a one-room apartment**

4. Identify the six Soviet satellite states.

5. After World War II
1992, a British expert on the Soviet military released a report indicating that the SU’s losses during WW2 were even more staggering than previously believed
Soviet deaths estimated to have been as high as 49 million (30% of its people)
This may hold a key to the beginning of the Cold War
Stalin may have been deliberately hostile to the West, contributing to worsening relations with the US

6. The Reign of Stalin Economy Devastated by WW2
To create a new industrial base, goods were produced almost exclusively for export
In some respects this led to a rapid economic recovery
The $ from export goods was used to buy machinery & western technology

7. The Reign of Stalin 1946 Stalin was still the master of the SU
He did not share power
Had little respect for other Communist Party leaders
Suspicious & lack of trust for others
Soviet gov’t said all literary & scientific work must conform to political needs of the state

8. The Reign of Stalin
1950
SU had built new power plants, canals, & giant factories
HEAVY INDUSTRY increased
Mainly for benefit of the military
Industrial production surpassed prewar levels by 40%
Development of the hydrogen bomb in 1952
Launch of first space satellite, Sputnik I, in 1957
SU was a world power
Soviet people did NOT benefit from the industrialization
Not enough consumer goods produced
Housing shortage was severe

9. The Reign of Stalin
1953
Stalin dies

10. Let’s Review
What were the effects of the Soviet government’s economic methods enacted after WW2?
By 1950, Russian industrial production surpassed prewar levels by 40%
The Soviet people, however, had a shortage of consumer goods & a severe shortage of housing

11. The Khrushchev Era After Stalin’s death
Nikita Khrushchev became the chief policy maker in the SU
DE-STALINIZATION was put in place

12. The Khrushchev Era Khrushchev
Tried to increase production of consumer goods & agricultural output
Grow corn
Cultivate lands east of the Ural Mtns.
Loosened gov’t controls on literature
Allowed the publication of a work by ALEXANDER SOLZHENITSYN that depicted life in a Siberian forced-labor camp

13. The Khrushchev Era Khrushchev’s attempts Failed
Increased military spending hurt the economy
Foreign policy failures
1964, he was forced into retirement (after Cuban missile crisis)

14. Do You Know????
__________ refers to the process of eliminating the more ruthless policies of Stalin.

15. And the Answer Is….
__________ refers to the process of eliminating the more ruthless policies of Stalin.
De-Stalinization

16. Let’s Review Why did Soviet leaders force Khrushchev into retirement?
He failed to increase agricultural output
Industrial growth rate dramatically declined
Foreign policy in Cuba failed

17. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain
After WW2 (1945 – 1947)
Soviet-controlled Communist gov’ts took control of Eastern European countries
East Germany
Bulgaria
Romania
Poland
Hungary
Czechoslovakia – strong tradition of democracy & multi-party system stopped seizure by the Soviets until 1948
ALBANIA, Communist gov’t grew increasingly independent of the SU

18. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain
After WW2
YUGOSLAVIA, led by Josip Broz or TITO
Independent Communist state until Tito’s death in 1980
NOT a Soviet satellite state

19. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain
Eastern European satellite states instituted Soviet-type five-year plans w/ emphasis on heavy industry (NOT consumer goods)
Began to collectivize agriculture
Eliminated all noncommunist parties
Set up secret police & military forces

20. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain
After Stalin’s death
Many Eastern European states tried to make reforms
Communism did NOT develop deep roots among the peoples of Eastern EUR
Soviets exploited Eastern EUR economically
Made living conditions hard for most people
SU made it clear that it would not allow its Eastern European satellite states to become independent:
Poland
Hungary
Czechoslovakia

21. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain
1956
Protests in Poland
Polish Communist Party adopted a series of reforms
Elected Wladyslaw Gomulka as 1st secretary
Gomulka declared that POL had the right to follow its own path
POL compromised; pledged to remain loyal to Warsaw Pact
Hungarian leader IMRE NAGY declared Hungary a free nation (to end rebellion caused by economic problems)
Promised free elections
3 days later, Soviet troops attacked Budapest & reestablished control of the country
Nagy was captured by the Soviet military & executed 2 yrs later

22. Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain
Czechoslovakia
Antonin Novotny, placed in power in 1953 by Stalin (“Little Stalin”)
Alienated many members of his own party
Czech writers esp. disliked him
Writer’s rebellion led to Novotny’s resignation in 1968
ALEXANDER DUBCEK elected first secretary of the Communist party in Czechoslovakia
Introduced reforms to the country
Freedom of speech & press
Freedom to travel abroad
Relaxed censorship & promised to democratize political system
Period of euphoria broke out, “Prague Spring”
By August, the Soviet Army invaded Czechoslovakia & crushed the reform movement
Gustav Husak replaced Dubcek
Did away w/ his reforms & reestablished Soviet control

23. Do You Know???
Which communist nation remained independent of Soviet control?
A. Greece
B. Yugoslavia
C. Romania
D. Hungary

24. And the Answer Is….
Which communist nation remained independent of Soviet control?
A. Greece
B. Yugoslavia
C. Romania
D. Hungary

25. Let’s Review
What was the result of revolts against communism in Poland, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia?
Poland – a series of reforms were adopted, but Poles remained loyal to the Warsaw Pact (fearful)
Hungarian declared a free nation, but Soviet troops reestablished control
Czechoslovakia – Dubcek introduced reforms, but Soviet army reestablished control

26. Bonus
Write a paragraph on the changes that took place in the Soviet Union under Khrushchev’s leadership. Do you believe that Stalin would have been able to maintain his power had he lived longer? Was a period of de-Stalinization inevitable?
Underline Thesis – 2 pts
Full Paragraph – 5 pts
1 outside source (other than textbook) & sources cited in MLA format – 3 pts