1. CHAPTER 11 SECTION 4 A NEW MASS CULTURE

2. THE AUTOMOBILE RESHAPED AMERICAN
CULTURE, CREATING NEW FORMS OF
RECREATION AND MAKING IT EASIER FOR
PEOPLE TO TRAVEL
AMERICANS ALSO LISTENED TO THE
RADIO, WENT TO MOVIES, AND
FOLLOWED SPORTS
A NEW MASS CULTURE EMERGED
RESEMBLING THE ONE WE HAVE NOW

3. Popular Culture ON FARMS PEOPLE WORKED FROM DAYLIGHT TO DARK
LEAVING LITTLE TIME FOR
ENTERTAINEMENT
– FAMILIES SPENT A LOT OF
TIME TOGETHER
– DID NOT HAVE THE TIME OR
MONEY FOR ENTERTAINMENT
CITY LIFE WAS DIFFERENT
– AVERAGE WORKWEEK WAS 45
HOURS BY 1930
– ALSO WORKWEEK WAS
CHANGED FROM SEVEN TO 5
DAYS
– SALARIES WERE ALSO BIGGER

4. Movies WITH MORE FREE TIME AND EXTRA MONEY URBAN AND
SUBURBAN AMERICANS
LOOKED TO NEW SOURCES
OF ENTERTAINMENT
– MOVIES WERE THE NEW
ENTERTAINMENT
MOVIES BECAME BIG IN THE
1920S
– STUDIOS IN HOLLYWOOD
ESTABLISHED MONOPOLIES
THAT CONTROLLED THE
PRODUCTIN, DISTRIBUTION
AND EXHIBITION OF MOVIES

5. Movies 1920’S – FROM 60 TO 100 MILLION AMERICANS WENT TO THE
MOVIES EACH WEEK
STUDIOS MADE SILENT PICTURES
– IDEAL FOR THE TIME BECAUSE
MANY IMMIGRANTS COULD NOT
SPEAK ENGLISH
– ALSO LET THEM SERVE MANY
GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDRIES
– MANY STARS BECAME FAMOUS
IN OTHER COUNTRIES
EASILY AVAILABLE TO ANYONE
– ONLY COST A FEW CENTS TO
GET INTO THE MOVIES

6. Famous Stars of the 1920’s (pg.344)
CHARLIE CHAPLIN
– MOST FAMOUS
– MOST POPULAR CHARACTER
WAS THE LITTLE TRAMP
– PART HOBO AND OPTOMIST
DOUGLAS FAIRBANKS
– ORIGINAL ROBIN HOOD

7. Famous Stars of the 1920’s MARY PICKFORD – MARRIED TO DOUGLAS
FAIRBANKS
– ALSO KNOWN AS “AMERICA’S SWEETHEART”
LON CHANEY
– STAR OF HORROR FILMS

8. Famous Stars of the 1920’s RUDOLPH VALENTINO – SEX SYMBOL
– MOST FAMOUS ROLE WAS IN
THE SHEIK
– “THE LATIN LOVER”
CECIL B. DEMILLE
– MOST FAMOUS MOVIE
PRODUCER OF THE 1920’S

9. Famous Stars of the 1920’s FATTY ARBUCKLE – FAMOUS COMEDIAN WHOSE
CAREER WAS RUINED BY
SCANDAL

10. Movies MOVIES CHANGED IN 1927 WITH THE RELEASE OF THE JAZZ SINGER
– FIRST TALKING PICTURE
STARRING AL JOLSON
– FIRST WORDS SPOKEN
ON FILM: “YOU AIN’T
HEARD NOTHIN’ YET”
SILENT PICTURES FADED
WITH THE “TALKIES”

11. Radio & Phonographs POWERFUL INSTRUMENTS OF MASS POPULAR CULTURE
HELPED PRODUCE A STANDARDIZED CULTURE
– AMERICANS IN THE EAST AND WEST AND NORTH
AND SOUTH LISTENED TO THE SAME SONGS,
LEARNED THE SAME DANCES AND SHARED THE
SAME POPULAR CULTURE AS NEVER BEFORE

12. Radio & Phonograph THE RADIO WAS DEVELOPED IN THE 1890’S BY
ITALIAN INVENTOR GUGLIELMO MARCONI
1920
– AN EXECUTIVE OF THE WESTINGHOUSE COMPANY
STARTED RADIO STATION KDKA IN PITTSBURGH
– IMMEDIATE SUCCESS
– WITHIN THREE YEARS THERE WERE ALMOST 600
STATIONS BROADCASTING DIFFERENT PROGRAMS
– ALSO LET LISTENERS HEAR ABOUT DIFFERENT
PRODUCTS THROUGH ADVERTISING
1927, MUCH OF AMERICA LISTENED TO A
CHAMPIONSHIP BOXING MATCH BETWEEN
GENE TUNNEY AND JACK DEMPSEY
- BEFORE 1920s, SUCH COVERAGE OF AN EVENT HAD
BEEN IMPOSSIBLE

13. Radio & Phonograph PHONOGRAPH ALLOWED PEOPLE TO
LISTEN TO THE SAME MUSIC THEY
HEARD ON THE RADIO WHEN EVER
THEY WANTED
- EARLY PHONOGRAPH EMPLOYED DIFFICULT
TO USE WAX CYLINDERS; HAD POOR SOUND
QUALITY
s, GROOVED DISC RECORDINGS AND
SUPERIOR SOUND REPRODUCTION
– LISTENED TO THE SAME MUSIC
EVERYWHERE IN THE U.S.
- LEARNED SAME FASHIONABLE DANCES;
THE FOX TROT TO THE CHARLESTON

14. Heroes of the 1920s HOLLYWOOD’S RIVALS FOR HEROES WERE SPORTS STARS
– BEFORE 1920’S SPORTS STARS WERE LOCAL
HEROES
– CHANGED IN 1920’S
– CALLED THE GOLDEN AGE OF SPORTS

15. Heroes of the 1920s LEADING SPORTS HERO WAS BABE RUTH
– THE “SULTAN OF SWAT”
ATHLETES WERE POPULAR BECAUSE:
1. THE GOLDEN AGE OF SPORTS WAS ALSO
THE GOLDEN AGE OF SPORTS WRITERS
2. WWI SHATTERED AMERICAN’S FAITH IN
PROGRESS MAKING THE WORLD CHEAP
AND FLAWED
– ATHLETIC HEROES REASSURED
AMERICANS THAT PEOPLE WERE
CAPABLE OF GREAT FEATS
3. SPORTS HEROES GAVE AMERICANS A
SENSE OF HOPE

16. Heroes of the 1920s John L. Sullivan-BOXER Red Grange FOOTBALL
Jim Thorpe
All-around athlete

17. Heroes of the 1920s Bobby Jones GOLF Gertrud e Ederle
FIRST WOMAN TO SWIM THE ENGLISH CHANNEL
Bill Tilden
TENNIS

18. LUCKY LINDY CROSSES THE ATLANTIC
Charles Lindbergh
THE MOST POPULAR
CELEBRITY OF THE 1920S
– FIRST PERSON TO FLY
NONSTOP AND SOLO
ACROSS THE ATLANTIC
FROM NEW YORK TO
PARIS IN THE
SPIRIT OF ST. LOUIS
WHEN HE LANDED IN PARIS
HE BECAME AN INSTANT
CELEBRITY
– BECAME THE GREATEST
HERO OF HIS TIME

19. New Roles For Women 1920’S – MANY WOMEN CHALLENGED
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL
AND EDUCATIONAL BOUNDARIES
TO PROVE THAT THEIR ROLE WAS
AS VITAL OUTSIDE THE HOME AS
INSIDE
THE “NEW WOMAN” OF THE 1920’S
WAS MORE LIBERATED
- SHE WORE DRESSES THAT WERE
SHORTER, PUT ON MORE MAKEUP
AND DANCED TO THE LATES
CRAZES AND ASSUMED SHE HAD
THE SAME POLITICAL AND SOCIAL
RIGHTS AS ANY MAN

20. New Role For Women THE REJECTION OF “VICTORIAN” MORALITY SEEMED
SO TOTAL AND THE NEW WOMAN SO NOVEL THAT
THE CHANGE AMOUNTED TO A “REVOLUTION IN
MANNERS AND MORALITY
THE SYMBOL OF ALL THESE CHANGES WAS THE
FLAPPER
– A YOUNG WOMAN WITH SHORT SKIRTS AND RED
CHEEKS WHO HAD HER HAIR CUT IN A BOB
THE FLAPPER WAS MORE PUBLICIZED THAN IMITATED
– HER IMAGE UNDERSCORES AN IMPORTANT ASPECT
OF THE 1920S
– NOT ALL WOMEN WANTED TO BE FLAPPERS BUT
WANTED MORE CONTROL OVER THEIR LIVES

21. Changes in Family Life DURING THE 1920S WOMEN TENDED TO LIVE LONGER,
MARRY LATER AND HAVE FEWER CHILDREN
– FREED THEIR TIME TO PURSUE OTHER INTEREST
– WORKING, CHARITY WORK, CLUBS THAT DISCUSSED
BOOKS AND IDEALS
– ENLARGED THE INTELLECTUAL WORLD OF WOMEN
CONSUMER ECONOMY BENEFITED WOMEN
– ELECTRIC APPLIANCES HELPED MAKE HOUSEWORK
EASIER
RURAL AMERICA
– DID NOT HAVE ELECTRICITY
– THEIR HOUSEHOLD CHORES WERE STILL DIFFICULT
STILL A SPLIT BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL AMERICANS

22. Modernism in Arts and Literature
NO AREA OF AMERICAN LIVE REFLECTED THE IMPACT OF WWI MORE THAN LITERATURE AND THE ARTS – THE WAR ALTERED THE WAY WRITERS AND ARTISTS:
1. VIEWED THE WORLD
CHANGED THE WAY THEY
APPROACHED THEIR CRAFT
INSPIRED THEM TO
EXPERIMENT WITH
NEW FORMS AND FRESH IDEAS

23. Modernism in Art and Literature
WWI CALLED THE NOTION OF
PROGRESS INTO QUESTION
– HOW COULD A SOCIETY RULED
BY THE IDEA OF PROGRESS
PARTICIPATE IN A WAR THAT
KILLED MILLIONS OF PEOPLE,
DESTROYED MONUMENTS OF
CIVILIZATION AND LEFT
SURVIVORS HUNGRY AND
HOMELESS
BELIEVED THIS WAS NOT AN
ACTION OF RATIONAL PEOPLE BUT
THE IRRATIONAL EXPLOITS OF
CIVILIZATION WITHOUT DIRECTION

24. Modernism in the Arts and Literature
THIS PESSIMISTIC WORLDVIEW SPARKED AN ARTISTIC MOVEMENT KNOWN AS MODERNISM

25. Sigmund Freud CONTRIBUTED TO LITERARY AND ARTISTIC MODERNISM
– ARGUED THAT MUCH OF
HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS
DRIVEN NOT BY RATIONAL
THOUGHT BUT
UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES

26. Sigmund Freud TO LIVE IN SOCIETY PEOPLE LEARN TO SUPPRESS
UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES
– BUT THE TENSION BETWEEN
OUTWARD BEHAVIOR AND THE
SUBCONSCIOUS COULD LEAD
TO MENTAL AND PHYSICAL
ILLNESS
FREUD’S THEORIES LED WRITERS
AND ARTISTS TO EXPLORE THE
SUBCONSCIOUS MIND

27. Modern Painting MODERNISM CLASHED WITH TRADITIONALISM
MOST DRAMATICALLY IN
THE FIELD OF MODERN ART
EUROPEAN PAINTERS
MOVED AWAY FROM
REPRESENTATIONAL
PAINTINGS THAT SIMPLY
REPRODUCED REAL LIFE
AND EXPERIMENTED WITH
MORE ABSTRACT STYLES

28. Modern Painting MOST AMERICANS GOT THEIR FIRST REAL GLIMPSE OF THE NEW
EUROPEAN APPROACH AT THE
ARMORY SHOW IN NEW YORK 1913
– TRADITIONALISTS WERE
OUTRAGED
– “LUNITIC FRINGE”
– AMERICAN PAINTERS WERE
INSPIRED BY THE ART
AMERICAN ARTISTS:
1. EDWARD HOPPER – AUTOMAT,
NIGHHAWKS
2. OSEPH STELLA – BROOKLYN
BRIDGE

29. Literature
AMERICAN WRITERS OF THE 1920S WERE REFERRED TO AS THE LOST GENERATION
– GIVEN THE NAME BY GERTRUDE STEIN
– BECAUSE THEY NO LONGER HAD FAITH IN
THE CULTURAL GUIDEPOSTS OF THE
VICTORIAN ERA
– WERE INSPIRED BY THEIR “LOST”
CONDITION TO SEARCH FOR NEW TRUTHS
AND FRESH WAYS OF EXPRESSING THOSE
TRUTHS

30. Literature 1920S – NEVER IN AMERICAN HISTORY HAD A DECADE
SEEN THE EMERGENCE OF SO MANY GREAT
LITERARY TALENTS:
1. F. SCOTT FITZGERALD
– EXPLORED THE REALITY OF AMERICAN
DREAMS OR WEALTH, SUCCESS AND
EMOTIONAL FULFILLMENT
– WROTE THE GREAT GATSBY
– WHICH SHOWS THE EMPTINESS OF THE JAZZ
AGE WORLD OF FLAPPERS AND
BOOTLEGGERS
– ALSO WROTE THIS SIDE OF PARADISE IN
WHICH HE SAYS HIS GENERATION HAD
“GROWN UP TO FIND ALL GODS DEAD, ALL
WARS FOUGHT AND ALL FAITHS IN MAN SHAKEN”

31. Literature 2. ERNEST HEMINGWAY – WROTE A FAREWELL TO ARMS
– ABOUT A DOOMED LOVE AFFAIR
BETWEEN A CYNICAL AMERICAN
AMBULANCE DRIVER AND A NURSE
DURING WWI
3. SINCLAIR LEWIS
– WROTE MAIN STREET
– SMALL TOWN LIFE IN THE MIDWEST
– PAINTS A SATIRICAL PORTRAIT OF
SMALL MINDED PEOPLE IN AN
AMERICAN TOWN

32. Literature EDITH WHARTON – WROTE THE AGE OF INNOCENCE
– ABOUT A WEALTHY YOUNG MAN
PREVENTED BY SOCIAL CONVENTIONS
FROM MARRYING THE WOMAN HE
LOVES
WILLIAM FAULKNER
– WROTE THE SOUND AND THE FURY
– ABOUT LIFE IN THE SOUTH AND USES
DIFFERENT NARRATORS TO TELL THE
STORY OF THE COMPLEX INNER
WORKINGS OF A SOUTHERN FAMILY

33. Literature MANY POETS AND NOVELISTS OF THE 1920S WERE DISSILLUSIONED
– THEY WRESTLED WITH THE MEANING OF THE
WAR AND LIFE ITSELF
– THEIR EFFORTS RESULTED IN THE CREATION
OF LITERARY MASTERPIECES