1. Chapter 14 MT Chapter 21 BS Reproductive System

2. Functions of the Male Reproductive System
Primary function is to produce millions of sperm and contribute to a new life by uniting them with a single ovum (egg) in the female

3. Structures of the Male Reproductive System
Sperm and Semen Formation
Male gametes = reproductive cells – formed in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles
After formation – move up into the epididymis to gain motility and be stored
Then sperm travel to enter the vas deferens where seminal vesicles and prostate gland add secretions to produce semen
External Male Genitalia
Scrotum
Testicles
The Penis
Internal Male Genitalia
Vas Deferens
Seminal Vesicles
The Prostate Gland
Cowper’s Glands: lubrication
The Urethra

4. Pathway of Sperm – Male Gametes
Produced in the seminiferous tubules
Travel up to the eipdidymis to gain motility
Enter into the Ductus (vas) Deferens which passed thru the seminal vesicle and prostate gland to gain secretions to produce semen 3 2 1

6. External Male Genitalia
Scrotum
Encloses, protects and supports the testicles
Perineum: the region between the scrotum and the anus
Testicles
2 small glands that produce the spermatozoa
Develop w/in the abdomen of the male fetus and descend into the scrotum before birth or soon after birth
Epididymis: tube at the upper part of the testicle, turns into the vas deferens
The Penis
The male sex organ – transports sperm into the female vagina
Composed of erectile tissue that fills with blood causing an erection during sexual stimulation
Glans penis: soft sensitive region located at the tip of the penis
Prepuce: aka foreskin, covers and protects the glans penis

7. Internal Male Genitalia
Vas Deferens
Leads from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in the prostate – one of the 2 final portions of the seminal vesicles, passes thru the prostate gland and enters the urethra
Seminal Vesicles
Glands located at the base of the urinary bladder
Secrete thick, yellow substance that nourishes sperm cells
The Prostate Gland
Lies under the bladder
Surrounds upper end of the urethra
Secretes thick fluid that, as part of the semen, aids in motility of the sperm
The Urethra
Passes through the penis to the outside of the body
In the male – serves both reproductive and urinary systems

9. Medical Specialties Related to the Male Reproductive System
What is the term for the medical professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males???
UROLOGIST

10. Pathology of the Male Reproductive System
Testicles and Related Structures
Anorchism: congenital absence of 1 or both testicles
Cryptorchidism: undescended testis – failure to descend into the scrotum after birth
Hydrocele: hernia filled with fluid in testicles or tubes leading from testis
Testitis: inflammation of 1 or both testicles – may cause male infertility
Vericocele: varicose vein of the testicles – may cause male infertility
The Penis
Balanitis: inflammation
Impotence: inability to achieve or maintain erection
Phimosis: narrowing of the opening of the foreskin

11. Hydrocele
Vericocele
Testicular Tumor
Cryptorchidism

12. Pathology of the Male Reproductive System
Sperm Count
Azoospermia (ay-zoh-oh-SPER-mee-ah): absence of sperm in the semen
Oligospermia: low sperm count
Prostate Gland
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy: prostatomegaly – abnormal enlargement of prostate gland
Prostate CA: one of the most common CA among men
Pathology of the Male Reproductive System

13. Diagnostic Procedures of the Male Reproductive System
Prostate-specific Antigen: blood test to screen for prostate CA
Sperm Analysis: sperm count
Testicular Self-Exam: self-help step in early detection of testicular CA

14. Treatment Procedures of the Male Reproductive System
General
Circumcision: surgical removal of foreskin
Orchidectomy: surgical removal of one/both testicle
Vericocelectomy: removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a vericocele

15. Male Sterilization
Castration: surgical removal or destruction of both testicles
Sterilization: any procedure rendering an individual (male or female) incapable of reproduction
Vasectomy: male sterilization procedure in which a portion of the vas deferens in surgically removed which prevents sperm from entering the semen

16. Prostate CA Treatment
Ablation: removal or destruction of the function of a body part
Prostatectomy: surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland (i.e.: transurethral – removal through the urethra)
What is the term for a total surgical removal of the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles, and some surrounding tissue???
RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY
Radiation Therapy/Hormone Therapy: additional treatments used to control prostate CA

17. Functions of the Female Reproductive System
Primary functions are the creation and support of new life
Ovaries: produce eggs to be fertilized by sperm
Uterus: provides environment and support for the developing fetus
After birth, the breasts produce milk to feed the child

18. Structures of the Female Reproductive System
External Female Genitalia
Known collectively as the Vulva
Labia (majora/minora): vaginal lips that protect the external genitalia and urethral meatus – external opening of the urethra
Clitoris: sensitive sexual organ of erectile tissue
Bartholin’s Glands: lubrication for vagina
Perineum: region between the vaginal orifice and the anus
Located below the mons pubis – fleshy prominence over the pubic symphysis

20. Structures of the Female Reproductive System - continued
Mammary Glands – breasts
Milk producing glands that develop during puberty
Areola: dark-pigmented area that surrounds the nipple
Mammary glands (lactiferous glands): produce mild after childbirth
Lactiferous duct: carries mild from the mammary glands to the nipple

22. Structures of the Female Reproductive System - continued
Internal Female Genitalia – major female reproductive organs are located in the pelvic cavity and are protected by the pelvis
Ovaries
Follicle
Ova
Fallopian Tubes
Infundibulum
Uterus
Fundus
Corpus (body)
Cervix
Tissues of the Uterus
Vagina
Hymen

23. Ovaries Fallopian Tubes
Pair of small organs located in the lower abdomen, one on either side of the uterus
Follicle: fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum
Ova (egg): female gametes – one mature ovum released monthly
Fallopian Tubes
Carry ovum downward from the ovary to the uterus
Carry sperm upward from the vagina and uterus
Infundibulum: funnel shaped opening into each fallopian tube
Fimbriae: finger-like extensions, catch ovum when it leaves the ovary

24. Uterus Parts of the Uterus Tissues of the Uterus
Pear-shaped organ rich in blood supply
Situated between the bladder and the rectum
Parts of the Uterus
Fundus: above the entrance of the fallopian tubes
Corpus (body): middle portion
Cervix: lower narrow portion that extends into the vagina
Tissues of the Uterus
Perimetrium: outer layer
Myometrium: middle layer
Endometrium: inner layer

25. Menstruation – (menses) – normal discharge of bloody fluid from the nonpregnant uterus
Menarche (meh-NAR-kee): beginning of the menstrual function at puberty
Menstrual cycle: consists of 28 days (Table 14.1)
Menopause: normal stopping of monthly menstrual periods – occurs average age 52
Perimenopause: transition phase between regular menstruation and none at all
Days 1-5
Menstrual Phase
Days 6-12
Postmenstrual Phase
Days 13-14
Ovulatory Phase
Days 15-28
Premenstrual Phase

26. Medical Specialties Related to the Female Reproductive System
Gynecologist: specialized in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
Obstetrician: provides medical care to women through pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter
Neonatologist: diagnoses and treats disorders of the newborn
Pediatrician: diagnoses, treats, and prevents disorders and diseases of children

27. Pathology of the Female Reproductive System
Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes
Anovulation: failure to ovulate
Oophoritis (oh-ahf-oh-RYE-tis): inflammation of ovary
Ovarian CA: 3rd most common cancer of the female reproductive system, most deadly type
Ovariorrhexis: rupture of ovary
PID: Pelvic inflammatory disease is any inflammation of the female reproductive organs that is not associated with surgery or pregnancy.
Salpingitis: inflammation of fallopian tube

28. Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - continued
The Uterus
Endometriosis: endometrial tissue escaped the uterus and grows outside the uterus on other structures in the pelvic cavity.
Fibroid: benign tumor in the wall of the uterus.
Metrorrhea: Abnormal discharge, such as mucus or pus from the uterus.
Metrorrhexis: rupture of the uterus.
Pyometritis: inflammation of the uterus.
Uterine CA: most commonly after menopause
Abnormal bleeding is one of the earliest symptoms

29. Abnormal Uterine Positions
Anteflexion: normal position of the uterus – bent forward
Anteversion: abnormal tipping, tilting, or turning forward of uterus
Prolapse of uterus: falling or sinking down of the uterus – protrudes through the vaginal opening
Retroflexion: abnormal tipping with the body of uterus bent forming an angle with the cervix
Retroversion: abnormal tipping of the uterus backward with the cervix pointing toward the pubic symphysis

30. Anteflexion
Anteversion
Retroflexion
Retroversion

31. Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - continued
The Cervix
Cervical CA: 2nd most common cancer in women – between ages of 35 – 55
Cervical Dysplasia: abnormal growth of cells of the cervix – detected on Pap Smear
Cervicitis: inflammation of the cervix that usually is caused by an infection.
Endocervicitis: inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix

32. Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - continued
Breasts
Breast CA
Galactocele: a milk cyst (clogged milk duct) usually associated with childbirth, in both breast feeding and non-breast feeding mothers.
Mastitis: inflammation of the breast usually associated with lactation but may occur for other reasons.

33. Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - continued
Menstrual Disorders
Amenorrhea: absence of menstrual periods
Dysmenorrhea: cramps during menstrual period
Hypomenorrhea: small amount of menstrual flow
Menorrhagia: excessive menstrual flow

34. Diagnostic Procedures of the Female Reproductive System
Breast Self-Exam
Endovaginal ultrasound
Hysterosalpingography (HSG): radiographic exam of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of Radiopaque material
Hysteroscopy
Mammography
Pap Smear

35. Treatment Procedures of the Female Reproductive System
Medications
BC Pills
HRT
Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes
Salpingectomy
Tubal Ligation
Uterus, Cervix, and Vagina
Dilation and curettage
(D & C)
Hysterectomies
Breasts
Mastectomy
Breast Augmentation
Tubal Ligation

36. Treatment Procedures of the Female Reproductive System - continued
Assisted Reproduction
Infertility: inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 yr of trying or the inability of the woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth
Infertility Specialist

37. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s) – aka Venereal diseases (VD’s)
Bacterial Vaginosis
Chlamydia: highly contagious, if left untreated may cause sterility in both male and female
Genital herpes
Gonorrhea
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
HPV (Genital Warts)
Syphilis
Trichomonas