1. You Asked for it…..
Biology REVIEW

2. biomolecules Building Block Uses Examples Test Carbohydrate
Simple sugars
Ready source of energy
Glucose
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
STARCH turns purple in iodine
SUGARS react with Benedict’s Solution
Protein
Amino acids
Transport
Speed up reactions
Immunity
Cell communication
Enzymes (-ase)
Hemoglobin
Antibodies
Protein hormones (insulin)
Reacts with Biuret Solution
Lipid
Fatty Acids
Back up energy source
In membrane
Fats, oils
Leaves oily spot on brown paper bag
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Store and transmit genetic info
DNA, RNA
DNA stains (methylene blue)

3. CELLS EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC
Eukaryotic cells have their DNA surrounded by a membrane.  (They have a nucleus). 
Two examples shown are plant cells and animal cells, but fungi and protists are also eukaryotic
Notice, plants have chloroplasts (for photosynthesis) and cell walls made of cellulose. Animal cells don't have these parts.  Also, plant cells have a larger vacuole for storage. 
Both plants and animals have mitochondria to make ATP.
All eukaryotic cells have ribosomes to make protein
These cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells have DNA and ribosomes, but they have no internal membranes! (They don't have a nucleus)
They have ribosomes to make proteins
These are the simplest cells
Examples are bacteria, like those that cause strep throat.

4. The plasma membrane surrounds EVERY cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
The plasma membrane surrounds EVERY cell.
It is made of lipid and protein
It controls what goes in and out of a cell.
Associated with HOMEOSTASIS

5. Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport CELL TRANSPORT
Movement from high to low concentration
No energy required
Osmosis
Movement of water from high to low WATER concentration across a membrane
Active Transport
Movement from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration
USES ATP

6. Enzymes are specific for reactions bind to substrate at active site
speed up reactions
are not changed in the reaction
are made of PROTEIN
are reusable

7. Photosynthesis and Respiration
Converts sunlight to chemical energy
Converts energy in food (glucose) to ATP
Cellular Respiration
Takes place in mitochondrion
Releases the energy stored in glucose
AKA aerobic respiration (NEEDS oxygen)

8. AEROBIC vs AnAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Requires oxygen
Makes A LOT of ATP
Produces carbon dioxide and water
Happens in mitochondrion
Does not use oxygen
Makes only 2 ATP
Small amount of ATP
Also called fermentation
YEASTS make ethyl alcohol
BACTERIA and MUSCLE CELLS (w/o O2) make LACTIC ACID
Happens in cytoplasm (cytosol)

9. Atp cYCLE
CLICK THE ICON FOR SOUND

10. Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Adds genetic variation
Involves meiosis and fertilization
TWO parents involved
Diploid and haploid cells
Creates identical copies (clones)
Only involves MITOSIS
ONE parent involved
Common in bacteria and unicellular protists

11. Mitosis and Meiosis One division Two divisions 2n  2n 2n  n
(same number of chromosomes)
Results in 2 genetically identical cells
Two divisions
2n  n
Half the number of chromosomes
Results in 4 DIFFERENT haploid cells
Forms gametes (egg and sperm)

12. DNA DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate and one of four bases
In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G
DNA’s shape is a double helix
The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds
A binds to T
C binds with G

13. DNA Replication Process of DNA copying itself Steps
DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break)
Each side acts as a template
New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing rules
Two new molecules of DNA result – each with one old and one new strand.
Happens in INTERPHASE (before mitosis or meiosis)

14. DNA  mRNA  protein Protein Synthesis Made of amino acids
Remember, genes are made of DNA and are in the nucleus
Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making  a protein
In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus
mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome
In translation, tRNA then brings amino acids in the proper order to make the protein on the ribosome.
DNA  mRNA  protein
Made of amino acids

15. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA DNA is in nucleus
GENES (made of DNA) hold code for protein
RNA
mRNA is made in nucleus
TRANSCRIPTION
Remember base pairing rules
PROTEIN
mRNA goes to ribosome
3 bases on mRNA is a codon – each codon codes for one amino acid
tRNA brings the right amino acid to the mRNA
Anticodon on tRNA base pairs with codon on mRNA

16. Can you IDENTIFY the parts?
DNA
mRNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Codon
Anticodon
tRNA
Amino acid
Protein (polypeptide)

17. READING THE CODON CHART
Be sure to use mRNA
You won’t have to memorize this!
What amino acid is coded for by the DNA
ATA GAG
First convert DNA to mRNA
ATA GAG UAU CUC
UAU = tyr
CUC = Leu

18. Genetics
We have two genes for each trait – this is our GENOTYPE One gene came from mom, one from dad If the genes are alike, the individual is homozygous (RR, rr) If the genes are different , they are heterozygous (Rr) Some genes are dominant and others are recessive We only show a recessive trait if we have no dominant gene RR and Rr would “look” dominant rr would look recessive
This diagram shows the cross between 2 heterozygous purple flowers Cross is: Bb x Bb Notice that 75% are purple and 25% white

19. Sex Linkage
Females are XX Males are XY Sex-linked traits are on X chromosome Trait is more common in MALES Examples are colorblindness and hemophilia (blood fails to clot)
Males give X chromosomes to their daughters and Y’s to their sons
Moms give X’s to both daughters and sons

20. CODOMINANCE – BLOOD TYPE
Four blood types
A, B, AB, O
Three different alleles: A, B or neither
A = AA or AO B = BB or BO AB = AB O = OO
Agglutinogen = protein

21. PEDIGREES 4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e)
Tracing traits through generations
Males are squares
Females are circles
Horizontal line means married
Vertical line means children
Filled in circle means the individual HAS the condition
Can you identify the genotypes of individuals 4, 7, 12?
4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e)
7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had to have one e)
12 = ee (affected with recessive condition)

22. KARYOTYPE XY = male In humans, 22 pair of autosomes
A chart showing arrangement of chromosomes
In humans, 22 pair of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes
XX = female
XY = male
Extra chromosomes a result of non-disjunction
Chromosome pairs fail to separate in meiosis
One example is DOWN SYNDROME (extra 21)
Another example is KLINEFELTERS (XXY)
3 21’s = Down Syndrome

23. GENETIC TECHNOLOGY Use gel electrophoresis to compare DNA fragments
DNA FINGERPRINTING
TRANSGENIC organisms
Use gel electrophoresis to compare DNA fragments
IF DNA matches, it’s from the same individual
Organisms that have 2 different kinds of DNA
Gene cloning
Uses bacteria to make human proteins like insulin
Evidence points to suspect 2

24. EVOLUTION – change over time
EVIDENCE
Natural Selection
Fossil evidence
Fossils found in sedimentary rock
Lower level fossils are older and more PRIMITIVE
We can compare fossils to modern organisms
Similar structure suggests common ancestor
Biochemical evidence
DNA and protein similarities suggest common ancestor
Credited to Charles Darwin
Organisms in populations have variations that can be passed from generation to generation
More organisms born that environment can support
Organisms compete for resources
Those organisms with favorable variations have more babies and the population evolves

25. Which type of plant is most closely related to flowering plants?
Cladograms
Determining evolutionary relationships
Which type of plant is most closely related to flowering plants?
CONIFERS

26. History of classification systems
Aristotle – Plants and Animals
Linneaus – developed BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
TWO KINGDOMS: plants and animals
THREE kingdoms: plant, animal, Protist
FIVE kingdoms: plant, animal, Protist, fungi, Moneran

27. CLASSIFICATION K
Kingdom P
Phylum C
Class O
Order F
Family G
Genus S
Species
Scientific name is genus and species name. Organisms in same genus are closely related

28. FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
Moneran
Bacteria
Prokaryotic
No nucleus
Have cell wall
Unicellular
Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
Protist
Protozoans, algae
Eukaryotic
Have nucleus
Some have cell wall
Mainly unicellular
Fungi
Mushroom, yeast
Mainly multicellular
heterotrophic
Plant
Moss, fern, trees, flowers
All multicellular
autotrophic
Animal
Sponge, annelids, amphibians, birds, mammals
No cell wall

29. Dichotomous key Always begin with #1
Follow directions using choices given
What shape is “Gina”?
Equilateral triangle

30. Types of Plants Bryophytes Non-vascular No xylem or phloem
Examples are mosses
They are small
Have to be near water
No pollen, seeds, flowers, or fruits
Gymnosperms
Vascular
Xylem to move water
Phloem to move food
Examples are conifers
Have pollen (sperm)
Have seeds on cones
No fruits or flowers
Angiosperms
Examples are flowering plants like oak trees, corn, and roses
Have seeds in fruits
Have flowers

31. PLANT ADAPTATIONS
Flowers and Fruits
Root, stem, Leaf
Flowers have bright petals to attract pollinators Pollen (Sperm) can be transferred by animals When egg joins with pollen, a seed is formed in the ovary The ovary becomes the fruit Fruit surrounds and protects seed Fruit also helps get baby plants in seeds away from parent plant
Roots are adapted to absorb water with root hairs Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis by being flat and green Stems move water with xylem

32. TYPES OF ANIMALS Annelids Segmented worms No backbone
“breathe” through skin
Closed circulatory system
External fertilization
External development
Insects
No backbome
Three body segments
Six legs
Wings
Open circulatory system
Females may store sperm
metamorphosis
Amphibians
Have backbone
Moist skin
Gills when young, lungs when adult
Three chambered heart
Cold-blooded
Metamorphosils
Jelly like egg
Mammals
Backbone
Hair
Milk glands
Lungs
Four chambered heart
Warm-blooded
Internal fertilization
Internal development
Amniote egg

33. Disease causing viruses
VIRUS STRUCTURE
Viral reproduction
A virus is not made of cells It is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat (Capsid)
Virus can’t reproduce unless it is inside a living cell
The virus uses the cells enzymes and ribosomes to make DNA and protein
New viruses either bud off of the cell or the cell bursts, releasing lots of viruses

34. BACTERIA vs VIRUSES Made of cells Can be killed by antibiotics
Examples of disease caused by bacteria is strep throat
Not made of cells
MUCH SMALLER THAN CELLS
Can’t be killed by antibiotics
Example of diseases caused by viruses are AIDS (HIV), Smallpox, Influenza

35. Internal and external factors in disease
Malaria
Mosquitoes transmit malaria
Individuals who have the sickle cell trait (heterozygous) aren’t as affected as homozygous individuals
PKU
Individuals who have PKU can’t break down phenylalanine
If it builds up it can cause mental retardation
Keep individuals with
PKU on a diet, they don’t have brain damage
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is uncontrolled growth of cells in the lungs
Individuals who smoke are more likely to get lung cancer
Diabetes
Diabetes results from when the pancreas fails to make enough insulin
Individuals who are overweight and who don’t exercise seem to be more affected
Skin Cancer
Light skinned people don’t have the natural melanin protection of darker skinned people
Overexposure to sunlight can trigger the changes that lead to skin cancer

36. IMMUNITY B-cells White blood cell Make antibodies T- helper cells
Help coordinate immune response
T-killer cells
Kill virus infected cell

37. PASSIVE vs. ACTIVE immunity
Passive immunity
Person DOES make antibodies AND memory cells
Provides long term immunity
Natural: you have disease
Artificial – you get a VACCINATION
Person does NOT make memory cells or antibodies
Antibodies only are transferred
Doesn’t provide long- term protection
Natural: from breastfeeding
Artificial: Rabies “shot”

38. Behavioral Adaptations
Behavior is any thing an animal DOES. Animal behaviors also help animals survive and/or reproduce.

39. Innate Behavior Innate behavior is also called inborn behavior.
It is programmed in DNA
Innate behaviors include reflexes and instincts
Examples
human suckling.
spiders spinning webs
Migration: birds flying south for the winter
Hibernation – dormant when cold
Estivation – dormant when hot
Innate Behavior

40. Learned Behavior Trial and Error Learning by trying Habituation
Imprinting
Learning who your Mother is
Lorenz geese
Conditioning
Pairing stimuli
Pavlov’s Dogs
Habituation
Learning to ignore
Dog no longer sees human as threat
Trial and Error
Learning by trying

41. Communication Courtship Territorial Social behavior
Can be with words, signals or chemicals (pheromones)
Courtship
Behavior to get a mate
Dances, songs
Territorial
Fighting fish

42. ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS
Includes abiotic and biotic factors
Biomes are examples
Community
Includes all the LIVING things
Population
All of one species in one area
Can reproduce with each other

43. Food CHAINS Energy is “lost” as you mover “up” the food chain
Secondary Consumer
(bird)
Primary Consumer
(snail)
Producer
(grass)
Original source of energy for most chains is the sun 1st trophic level is producer 2nd trophic level is primary consumer 2rd trophic level is secondary consumer Decomposer not shown on chain, but they recycle nutrients
Energy is “lost” as you mover “up” the food chain

44. SYMBIOSIS Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism
n mutualism, BOTH organisms BENEFIT
this is a + / + relationship
The picture shows E. coli, a type of bacteria that live in your intestine. 
The bacteria get a place to live; we get the vitamin K they make.  This is good for both.
Parasitism
In parasitism, the PARASITE BENEFITS by getting food and shelter from the HOST
This is a + / - relationship
In the example shown, the TICK is the parasite and feeds off of the blood of the human HOST.  This is good for the tick, but bad for the human.
Commensalism
In commensalism, one organism BENEFITS while the other is NOT AFFECTED
This is a  +/ 0 relationship
The picture above shows orchids living in trees.  This is good for the orchid, because it allows the orchid to get sunlight. It doesn't affect the tree, because the orchid doesn't help or hurt it.

45. Predation Predator EATS Prey The populations cycle
Predator has lower curve
There can’t be more predators than prey

46. Population GROWTH
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
Logistic growth
J-curve Occurs when unlimited resources are available
S-curve Occurs because resources are limited Carrying capacity reached

47. HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
Overpopulation of humans leads to
Destruction of habitats (pollution and/or destroying)
Loss of biodiversity
Introduced species
Outcompete native species

48. Carbon CYCLE Greenhouse Effect
Cycling of carbon and oxygen
Three main processes
Photosynthesis – plants use carbon dioxide; produce oxygen
Respiration – uses oxygen, produces carbon dioxide (both plants and animals)
Combustion – burning – releases more carbon dioxide
Greenhouse Effect
Carbon dioxide traps heat in the atmosphere, making life possible
Increased carbon dioxide can make temperatures rise more
Human activities can lead to GLOBAL WARMING

49. BE A GOOD STEWARD