1. Slide 125/08/2015 Tram-train: future prospects Progress on WP1A23 SINTROPHER workshop, Kassel, September 7, 2012 Dr. Charlotte Halpern, CEE Sciences Po & UCL

2. Slide 225/08/2015 Action WP1A23 - Objectives What is the added value of transnational knowledge and transfer for the diffusion of cost-effective transport solutions in peripheral NWE regions ? 1.Assess the scope for collective learning among SINTROPHER Partners 2.Identify (legal, administrative, technical) challenges to technology transfer 3.Explore the scope for technical transfer from SINTROPHER to others in and outside NWE 2

3. Slide 325/08/2015 Output 1: study design Hypotheses (academic literature + practitioners debates) The choice of indicators. Output 2: methodology Data collection Interview guide, exploratory study trips to all five partners regions. Comparative framework Output 3: Monographs EU transport policy 5 case studies 3 transversal issues Output 4 : Book project Research briefing Communication at international conference Workshop

4. Slide 425/08/2015 The mobility agenda Renewed attention to mobility issues Evolving patterns of mobility: time and length of journey, professional/leisure activities Old and new challenges: climate change, peak oil, demography, urbanization patterns Numerous initiatives throughout Europe, across various levels of government, public/private sector with two main differentiated strategies innovative technologies => alternative solutions, infrastructures and vehicles. Adapt existing transport infrastructures and networks by encouraging better connectivity and integration. => Tram-train as a promising public transport solution?

5. Slide 525/08/2015 Tram-train as a possible option Karlsruhe, Kassel : adapt vehicles to existing networks. Large variety of situations across north-western Europe. Use existing rail tracks for passengers transport A missing link between existing networks Develop public transport in peri-urban & rural areas Service a place of interest, e.g. airport. Cross-boarder connections

6. Slide 625/08/2015 Lessons from SINTROPHER ? Not automatically, many barriers (WP1: NVV study, ProRail (Maastricht), DfT, etc. Technical Business cases Provision of vehicles Policy City-regionOpening / start Aarhus2016 Chemnitz2014 UK trial2015 Lyon2010, 2013

7. Slide 725/08/2015 Major institutional changes Liberalization packages in rail transport New entrants, competitive tendering, concession / franchising etc. Privatization Devolution processes, with transfer of competences towards local authorities => To what extent do changes in resources & constraints benefit to local authorities ?

8. Slide 825/08/2015 Lessons from SINTROPHER ? It depends ! Conflicting views Veto-players Fiscal / financial autonomy Lack of political leadership

9. Slide 925/08/2015 Project does not necessarily come from local authorities Top-down process (standardization scenario) Bottom-up process (differentiation scenario)

10. Slide 1025/08/2015 Accessibility as a challenging approach More about connectivity and integration than about transport per se (Banister, Kaufman, etc.) it encloses a specific relationship to space (vs. networks) it multiplies opportunities for passengers to develop highly differentiated and individualized transport solutions => Transversal approach to transport vs. vertical => What is the purpose of public transport ?

11. Slide 1125/08/2015 France (agglomerations) peri-urban areas, medium-size cities, rural/urban Long-term profitability, explore alternative marketing strategies Germany (City-regions) Pragmatist approach, transport dimension, rural/urban Urban dimension, integration of systems United Kingdom (State / rail devolution) Evidence-based policy (trial) Local governance Flanders (De Lijn) Empowering small cities, role of public transport in rural / touristic areas; environmental issues Integration with other networks Netherlands (City-regions, ProRail, State) Pragmatist approach, SCBA procedure Cross-boarder

12. Slide 1225/08/2015 Conclusions Explain the introduction of public transport solutions Types of leadership: Political / Transport-led / Planning Types of strategies: muddling through or radical change Types of long-term constraining effects: profitability, adaptability, connectivity To what extent did local communities increase their ability to design and implement innovative transport solutions? Rescaling of public intervention => increased competition among levels of government in accessing funding (private/public), need for additional coordination mechanisms. Restructuring forms of public intervention => increasing & systematic use of market-based regulation tools with major political effects on State/local relationships in the organization of attractiveness.

13. Slide 1325/08/2015 Recommendations ? 1. The EU model of local public transport is a myth => Different models. 2. Territorial scale 3. Financial resources 4. Regulatory framework 5. Political debate