1. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 1 ECON Designed by Amy McGuire, B-books, Ltd. McEachern 2008-2009 2 CHAPTER Economic Tools and Economic Systems Micro

2. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 2 LO 1 Choice and Opportunity Cost  Scarcity  Make a choice  Pass up another opportunity  Opportunity cost  The value of the best alternative forgone  Opportunity lost  Monetary aspect  Non-monetary aspect

3. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 3 LO 1 Case Study The Opportunity Cost of College  Value of best alternative forgone  Forgone income (full-time job; $20,000)  Minus income earned as a student (part-time work: $10,000)  Plus direct cost of college  Tuition, fees, books ($6,000)  $20,000 - $10,000 + $6,000 = $16,000  Not included: room, board, personal expenses

4. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 4 LO 1 Opportunity Cost  Opportunity cost is subjective  ‘the road not taken’  Calculating opportunity cost  Requires time and information  Time: the ultimate constraint  Opportunity cost varies with circumstance  Depends on the alternative

5. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 5 LO 1 Sunk Cost and Choice  Sunk cost  Incurred cost  Cannot be recovered  Ignored when making economic choices  Economic decision makers  Relevant: costs affected by the choice  Irrelevant: sunk costs

6. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 6 Law of Comparative Advantage LO 2  Specialize in the task that you do better  Law of comparative advantage  Specialize in producing a good IF  Lower opportunity cost of producing it  Specialization and exchange  Better off  Absolute advantage  Use fewer resources

7. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7 Specialization and Exchange LO 2  Barter  Trade products for other products  Simple economies  Few goods  Little specialization  Money  Medium of exchange  Facilitates exchange  Greater specialization

8. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 8 Division of Labor LO 2  Division of labor  Specialization; Increased productivity  Individual preferences; natural ability  Experience  No need to shift between tasks  Laborsaving machinery  Downside:  Repetitive, tedious  Routine tasks - robots

9. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 9 Efficiency and the PPF LO 3  Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF)  Assumptions  Output: consumer and capital goods  Productions: 1 year  Fixed resources (quantity, quality)  Fixed technology  Fixed ‘rules of the game’  Resources – scarce for the economy  Economy’s production options

10. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10 Efficiency and the PPF LO 3  PPF  Possible combinations of  Consumer and Capital goods that  Can be produced using  All resources efficiently  Inefficient combinations  Unattainable combinations

11. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11 LO 3 Exhibit 1 10 20 30 34 43 48 50 Consumer goods (millions of units per year) 10 0 5040 30 20 Capital goods (millions of units per year) A C D E F B U Unattainable I Inefficient PPF (AF): Economy uses all resources and technology efficiently PPF: bowed out; law of increasing opportunity cost Inefficient: inside PPF Unattainable: outside PPF The Economy’s Production Possibilities Frontier

12. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 12 The Shape of the PPF LO 3  Movement down along PPF  Give up some consumer goods to get more capital goods  Bowed-out shape  Law of increasing opportunity costs  Slope of PPF  Opportunity cost of 1 unit capital good

13. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 13 What Can Shift the PPF? LO 3  Economic growth  Expansion in the economy’s PPF 1.Changes in resource availability  Outward shift of PPF – increase in:  Size, health of labor force  Skills of labor force  Availability of other resources 2.Increases in capital stock  More output; outward shift of PPF

14. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14 What Can Shift the PPF? LO 3 3.Technological change  Employs resources more efficiently  Outward shift of PPF 4.Improvements in the rules of the game  Formal and informal institutions  Economic growth  Outward shift of PPF

15. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15 Exhibit 2(a), (b) LO 3 Shifts of the Economy’s Production Possibilities Frontier A A’ Consumer goods F’ F Capital goods (a) Increase in available resources A A’ Consumer goods F’ F Capital goods (b) Decrease in available resources (a)Outward shift of PPF – increase in available resources; better technology - enhanced production of both capital and consumer goods (b) Inward shift of PPF – decrease in available resources - decreased production of both capital and consumer goods

16. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16 Exhibit 2(c), (d) LO 3 A A’ F Capital goods A Consumer goods F’ F Capital goods (d) Increase in resources or technological advance that benefits capital goods Consumer goods (c) Increase in resources or technological advance that benefits consumer goods Shifts of the Economy’s Production Possibilities Frontier

17. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 17 LO 3 Case Study  “Ease of doing business”  Friendly business climate  High standard of living  Sophisticated economy  Difficult business climate  Low standard of living  Poor economy Rules of the Game and Economic Development

18. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 18 Exhibit 3 LO 3 Best 10 and Worst 10 Among 175 Countries Based on Ease of Doing Business, According to the World Bank Best 10Worst 10 1.Singapore 2.New Zealand 3.United States 4.Canada 5.Hong Kong 6.United Kingdom 7.Denmark 8.Australia 9.Norway 10.Ireland 166. Burundi 167. Central African Republic 168. Sierra Leone 169. São Tomé and Principe 170. Eritrea 171. Republic of Congo 172. Chad 173. Guinea-Bissau 174. East Timor 175. Democratic Republic of Congo

19. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19 LO 3 Case Study Rules of the Game and Economic Development  Sell an imported product  Denmark  3 documents  1 official signature  5 days  Burundi  19 documents  55 official signatures  24 days

20. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20 LO 3 Case Study  Business taxes  Belarus  11 taxes; 122% of profit  113 tax payments to 3 government agencies  1,188 hours tax preparation  Hong Kong  2 taxes; 14% of profit  1 electronic filing  80 hours tax preparation Rules of the Game and Economic Development

21. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 21 LO 3 Case Study  Effectiveness and reliability of courts  Collect a $1,000 debt  East Timor  $1,800 court and attorney fees  69 procedures; wait 3 years  Denmark  Cost $65  15 procedures  6 months Rules of the Game and Economic Development

22. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 22 LO 3 Case Study  Possible explanations for bad business environment  Bad administrative systems  Favoritism in governmental jobs  Corruption  Bribes Rules of the Game and Economic Development

23. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23 What We Learn from the PPF? LO 3  Efficiency  Scarcity  Opportunity cost  Law of increasing opportunity cost  Economic growth  Choice  Costs  Benefits

24. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24 LO 4  Three questions  What?  How?  For Whom?  Economic system  Mechanisms  Institutions  Answer the three questions Economic Systems

25. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 25 Economic Systems LO 4  Criteria  Ownership of resources  Allocation of resources  Incentives  Range from  Pure capitalism, to  Pure command system

26. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 26 Pure Capitalism LO 4  Private property rights  Unrestricted markets  Answer the three questions  Resources – most productive use  Goods and services – most valued  Voluntary buying and selling  Adam Smith: “invisible hand”

27. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27 Pure Capitalism: Flaws LO 4  No central authority  People with no resources could starve  Monopoly  Side effects for people not involved  No public goods

28. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28 Pure Command System LO 4  Public/communal ownership of property  Government planners  Central plans  Direct resources  Coordinate production  Answer the three questions  Communism

29. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 29 Pure Command System: Flaws LO 4  Resources  Used inefficiently  Wasted (no incentives)  Preferences of planners  Limited variety of products  Less freedom of economic choice

30. Chapter 2Copyright ©2009 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 30 Mixed and Transitional Economies LO 4  Increasing role of government  In capitalist economies  Increasing role of markets  In command economies  Mixed economies  Government  Economic activity  Regulates the private sector  Economies based on custom or religion