1. Human Growth and Development
Chapter 8
Human Growth and Development

2. 8:1 Life Stages Growth spans an individual’s lifetime
Growth= measurable physical changes that occur through out a person’s life
Development is the process of becoming fully grown
Also refer to changes in intellect, mental, emotional, social and functional skills
Health care workers need to be aware of the various stages and needs of the individual to provide quality health care
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3. Life Stages (continued)
Infancy: birth to 1 year
Early childhood: 1–6 years
Late childhood: 6–12 years
Adolescence: 12–20 years
Early adulthood: 20–40 years
Middle adulthood: 40–65 years
Late adulthood: 65 years and older

4. Growth and Development Types
Physical
body growth
Mental
mind development
Emotional
feelings
Social
interactions and relationships with others
Four types above occur in each stage

5. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Erik Erikson was a psychoanalysis
Identified 8 stages of psychosocial development
A basic conflict or need must be met in each stage See Table 8-1 in text
His belief-
If conflict not resolved you will struggle with the conflict in later life
What stage of Erikson development are you in ? Give an example?

6. Infancy Age: birth to 1 year old Dramatic and rapid changes
Physical development
Muscular & nervous system most dramatic
Muscular development occurs in stages
Nervous system reflexes allow response to environment
Reflexes–
Moro or startle reflex
Rooting reflex
Sucking reflex
Grasp reflex

7. Infancy Mental development Emotional development-
Rapid in the 1st year
Newborns responds to discomforts such as: pain, hunger, cold
Sounds develop by 6 months
12 months many infants can understand and use 1 word in their vocabulary
Emotional development-
4-6 months- they show distress, anger, fear, delight
Social development- is self- centered
4 mo. Recognize caregiver, smile, stare
6 mo. Shy, withdraw, watch intently, possessiveness
12 mo. Mimic, imitate, facial expressions, vocal sounds

8. Infants are dependent on others for all of their needs
Infancy
Infants are dependent on others for all of their needs

9. Early Childhood Age: 1–6 years old Physical development Slows down
@ age 6– average WT is 45 lbs/ Ht 46 in.
Improved muscle coordination
2-3 yrs old- Dentition in place & GI tract can handle most adult foods
2-4 yrs old- most have full bowel & bladder control

10. Early Childhood Mental development Emotional development
Rapid during this stage
Vocabulary increases to 2500 words/ age 6
Letter, word recognition
Desire to read & write emerges
Emotional development
Vey rapid in this stage
Increase self confidence & enthusiasm
Easily frustrated– routine is important

11. Early Childhood Social development
Expands from self- centered to more social beings
Early on they fear separation
Gradually enjoy playing alongside and then with others
Trust relationship are developing
The needs of early childhood include routine, order, and consistency

12. Late Childhood or Preadolescence
Age: 6–12 years old
Physical development
Slow but steady
Wt increase 4-7 lbs & Ht 2-3 in /year
Muscle coordination – well developed
Permanent teeth
10-12 yr- 2nd sex characteristics develop

13. Late Childhood or Preadolescence
Mental development
Rapid- life revolves around school & learning
Problem solving
Begin understanding abstract concepts
Loyalty-honesty-values-morals
Active thinking & can make judgments
Emotional & Social development
Fears lead to coping skills
Group oriented
Make friends
Begins to lessen their dependency on caregivers

14. Early Childhood or Preadolescence
Children in this age group need parental approval, reassurance, peer acceptance

15. Adolescence Age: 12–20 years old Physical development
Traumatic life stage
Physical development
Growth spurt
Increase of Wt 25 lbs/ Ht several inches per month
Puberty-
Secretion of sex hormones leads to menstruation in girls & sperm production in boys

16. Adolescence Mental development Emotional development
Increase in knowledge
Decision making & acceptance of responsibilities of actions
Period of great conflict
Emotional development
Stormy
Identify versus independence
Peer become central
Self –identity should be establish by the end of this stage

17. Adolescence Social development
Less time with family- more time with friends
Security in groups
Goal--Develop adult like behaviors and patterns
Adolescents need reassurance, support, and understanding

18. Adolescent Challenges

19. Eating Disorders
Often develop from an excessive concern for appearance
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia
More common in females
Usually, psychological or psychiatric intervention is needed to treat either of these conditions

20. Chemical Abuse
Use of alcohol or drugs with the development of a physical and/or mental dependence on the chemical
Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence
Can lead to physical and mental disorders and diseases
Treatment towards total rehabilitation

21. Reasons Chemicals Used
Trying to relieve stress or anxiety
Peer pressure
Escape from either emotional or psychological problems
Experimentation
Seeking “instant gratification”
Hereditary traits or cultural influences

22. Suicide One of the leading causes of death in adolescents
Permanent solution to temporary problem
Impulsive nature of adolescents
Most give warning signs
Call for attention
Prevention of suicide

23. Reasons for Suicide Depression Grief over a loss or love affair
Failure in school
Inability to meet expectations
Influence of suicidal friends or parents
Lack of self-esteem

24. Increased Risk of Suicide
Family history of suicide
A major loss or disappointment
Previous suicide attempts
Recent suicide of friends, family, or role models (heroes or idols)

25. Early Adulthood Age: 20–40 years old Physical development
Most productive stage in life
Physical development
Complete
Sexual development at peak
Prime childbearing years
Mental development
Formal education--- College- careers
Family establishment

26. Early Adulthood Emotional development Social development Stability
Stress related to career, family, marriage
Accept criticism and profit from mistakes
Social development
Move away from peers, family
Selection of a mate
Assimilation into traditional patterns of society

27. Middle Adulthood (Middle Age)
Age: 40–65 years of age
Physical development
Graying of hair, wrinkles, decrease muscle tone, visual & hearing acuity changes, wt gain
Menopause & male climacteric
Mental development
Formal education common
Understanding of life- cope well with stressors
Excel making decisions & analyzing situations

28. Middle Adulthood Emotional development Social development
Contentment & satisfaction
Job stability-financial success- end of child rearing-good health
Common stressors include:
Aging parents
Children
Job loss
Marital problems
Loss of youth
Social development
Decline- children move on
Marital relationship often strengthen
Friendships emerge

29. Late Adulthood Age: 65 years of age and older Physical development
Elderly, Seniors,, golden age,
Physical development
Decline of body systems
Occur slowly
Mental development
Vary
Reduction in short term memory
Alzheimer's disease- irreversible memory loss

30. Late Adulthood Emotional development Social development
Some cope well– others do not
Withdrawn- depression
Social development
Retirement
Death of spouse- friends
Financial changes
Loss of independence
The elderly need a sense of belonging, self-esteem, financial security, social acceptance, and love

31. Death & Dying

32. 8:2 Death and Dying Death is “the final stage of growth”
Experienced by everyone and no one escapes
Young people tend to ignore it and pretend it doesn’t exist
Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to think about their own death

33. Terminal Illness Disease that cannot be cured and will result in death
People react in different ways
Some patients fear the unknown while others view death as a final peace

34. Research
Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was the leading expert in the field of death and dying and because of her research
Most medical personnel now believe patients should be informed of approaching death
Patients should be left with some hope and know they will not be left alone
Staff need to know extent of information known by patients
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35. Research (continued)
Dr. Kübler-Ross identified five stages of grieving
Dying patients and their families and friends may experience these stages
Stages may not occur in order
Some patients may not progress through them all, others may experience several stages at once

36. Stages of Death and Dying
Denial—refuses to believe
Anger—when no longer able to deny
Bargaining—accepts death, but wants more time
Depression—realizes death will come soon
Acceptance—understands and accepts the fact they are going to die

37. Caring for the Dying Patient
Very challenging, but rewarding work
Supportive care
Health care worker must have self-awareness
Common to want to avoid feelings by avoiding dying patient

38. Hospice Care Palliative care only Often in patient’s home
Comfort measure only
Often in patient’s home
Philosophy: allow patient to die with dignity and comfort
Personal care
Volunteers
After death contact and services

39. Right to Die
Ethical issues must be addressed by the health care worker
Laws allowing “right to die”
Under these laws specific actions to end life cannot be taken
Hospice encourages LIVE promise
Dying Person’s Bill of Rights

40. Summary Death is a part of life
Health care workers must understand death and dying process and think about needs of dying patients
Then health care workers will be able to provide the special care these individuals need

41. Human Needs

42. 8:3 Human Needs Needs: lack of something that is required or desired
Needs exist from birth to death
Needs influence our behavior
Needs have a priority status
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (See Figure 8-15 in text)

43. Altered Physiological Needs
Health care workers need to be aware of how illness interferes with meeting physiological needs
Surgery or laboratory testing
Anxiety
Medications
Loss of vision or hearing
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44. Altered Physiological Needs (continued)
Decreased sense of smell and taste
Deterioration of muscles and joints
Change in person’s behavior
What the health care worker can do to assist the patient with altered needs

45. Meeting Needs Motivation to act when needs felt
Sense of satisfaction when needs met
Sense of frustration when needs not met
Must prioritize when several needs are felt at the same time
Different needs can have different levels of intensity

46. Methods for Satisfying Needs
Direct methods
Hard work
Set realistic goals
Evaluate situation
Cooperate with others
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47. Methods for Satisfying Needs (continued)
Indirect methods
Defense mechanisms
Rationalization
Projection
Displacement
Compensation
Daydreaming

48. Methods for Satisfying Needs (continued)
Indirect methods (continued)
Repression
Suppression
Denial
Withdrawal

49. Summary Be aware of own needs and patient’s needs
More efficient quality care can be provided when needs are recognized
Better understanding of our behavior and that of others