1. Slide 1 Richard T. Schaefer 1 st Edition Slide 1 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. chapter twelve Sociology in Modules Stratification by Age

2. Slide 2 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Module 36: Aging and Society Module 37: Aging Worldwide Module 38: Age Stratification in the United States Stratification by Age 12

3. Slide 3 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. █ How do people’s roles change as they age? █ What are the social implications of the growing number of elderly in the U.S.? █ How does ageism affect an older person’s employment opportunities? A Look Ahead

4. Slide 4 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Aging and Society █ Age stratification varies from culture to culture –All societies have some system of age stratification that associates certain social roles with distinct periods in life –“Being old” is master status that commonly overshadows all others in U.S. “Old” designation has major impact on how others perceive individuals and how they view themselves Module 36

5. Slide 5 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Aging and Society █ Properties of minority or subordinate groups apply to older people in U.S. –Experience unequal employment treatment –Share physical characteristics –Membership is involuntary –Strong sense of group solidarity –Generally married to others of comparable age Module 36

6. Slide 6 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociological Perspectives on Aging █ No clear cut definitions for different periods of the aging cycle in U.S. █ Old age typically regarded to begin at 65 █ Increase in life expectancy led writers to refer to people in their 60s as the “young old” Gerontology: scientific study of sociological and psychological aspects of aging and problems of the aged Module 36

7. Slide 7 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Functionalist Approach █ Disengagement theory: society and aging individuals mutually sever many of their relationships –Approach of death forces people to drop most social roles –Gerontologists and sociologists more likely to see the elderly in terms of social connectedness, postretirement employments, and volunteerism Module 36

8. Slide 8 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Interactionist Approach █ Activity theory: elderly persons who remain active and socially involved will be best-adjusted –Social interaction can lower death rates among elderly –Old people have same need for social interaction as any other group –Aging citizens feel satisfied only when useful and productive Module 36

9. Slide 9 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Labeling Theory █ Elderly victimized by social structure –Society reconsidering what makes a person old –Some suggest threshold of old age should begin in last 10 or 15 years of a person’s expected life –Labeling of old age differs from one culture to the next Module 36

10. Slide 10 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Conflict Approach █ Elderly victimized by social structure –Social roles relatively unchanged but devalued –Treatment of older people in U.S. reflects many divisions in society Transition from agricultural economies to industrialization and capitalism not always beneficial to elderly Module 36

11. Slide 11 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 36-1: Sociological Perspectives on Aging Module 36

12. Slide 12 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Aging Worldwide █ More than 545 million people age 65 or older –Europe’s population is older than others –Japanese enjoy life expectancy of 82 years –In most developing countries, people over 60 in poorer health Module 37

13. Slide 13 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Role Transitions throughout the Life Course █ Socialization is lifelong process –Life course varies dramatically depending on personal preferences and circumstances –Midlife crises: period of stressful self-evaluation typically beginning around age 40 Module 37

14. Slide 14 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Sandwich Generation █ The Sandwich Generation: adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and of their own children –Role of caring for aging parents falls disproportionately on women █ Last major transition occurs after age 60 –Causes dramatic changes in people’s everyday lives Module 37

15. Slide 15 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adjusting to Retirement █ Rite of passage –Marks critical transition from one phase of a person’s life to another (Atchley, 1976) Preretirement Near phase Honeymoon phase Disenchantment phase Reorientation phase Stability phase Termination phase Module 37

16. Slide 16 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adjusting to Retirement █ Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs) –Many older Americans congregate in areas that gradually became informal centers for senior citizens Residents of these communities threatened by gentrifications Module 37

17. Slide 17 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Death and Dying █ Kubler-Ross research encouraged open discussion of the process of dying –Five stages of dying has been challenged █ Functionalists see those who are dying as fulfilling distinct social functions –Hospice care: seek to improve dying person’s last days by helping him or her to stay at home or in a homelike setting –Studies in U.S. suggest people are breaking through historic taboos about death Module 37

18. Slide 18 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 37-1: World’s “Oldest” Countries versus the United States, 2006 Module 37

19. Slide 19 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 37-2: Expected Retirement Age Module 37

20. Slide 20 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The “Graying of America” █ In the future, an increasing proportion of U.S. population will be composed of older people █ At the same time, the “oldest old” will grow at a faster rate –Women outnumber men by a ration of 3 to 2 –Elderly more likely to be white Highest proportions of older people in FL, PA, RI, IA, WV, and AR Module 38

21. Slide 21 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Wealth and Income █ Typical older person has higher standard of living than in nation’s past –Greater accumulation of wealth in form of home ownership, private pensions, and financial assets –Groups more likely to be poor at earlier points in the life cycle—female-headed households and racial and ethnic minorities—more likely to be poor in old age Module 38

22. Slide 22 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Ageism █ Ageism: prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s age –For many, old age symbolizes disease –Older people barely visible on television –People who have positive perceptions of aging live an average of 7.5 years longer Module 38

23. Slide 23 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Competition in the Labor Force █ Older workers face discrimination in the labor force –Federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) went into effect in 1986 –Courts made significant decisions in favor of older workers Module 38

24. Slide 24 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Elderly: Emergence of a Collective Consciousness █ Awareness of the social power of elderly growing –AARP third largest volunteer organization in the U.S. –Formation of organizations for elderly homosexuals Elderly in U.S. better off today than before, but they constitute diverse group Module 38

25. Slide 25 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Research Today █ Elderspeak and Other Signs of Ageism –Have you ever worked alongside an older person? If so, did that person’s age affect the way he/she did the job? –Are the elderly the only people who experience ageism? What signs of ageism might those who are not old experience? Module 38

26. Slide 26 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 38-1: Actual and Projected Growth of the Elderly Population of the United States, 1980-2050 Module 38

27. Slide 27 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 38-2: Minority Population Age 65 and Older, Projected Module 38

28. Slide 28 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 38-3: Twenty-Eight Floridas by 2030 Module 38

29. Slide 29 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Right to Die Worldwide █ Understanding the Issue –Physician-assisted suicide one aspect of larger debate in U.S. Euthanasia: act of bringing about death of a hopelessly ill and suffering person –Public opinion on euthanasia divided Module 38

30. Slide 30 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Right to Die Worldwide █ Understanding the Issue –Many societies practiced senilicide: killing the old because of extreme difficulties in providing basic necessities –Public policy in U.S. does not permit active euthanasia –Greater tolerance for passive euthanasia Module 38

31. Slide 31 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Right to Die Worldwide █ Applying Sociology –Informal norms seem to permit mercy killings –American Hospital Association estimates as many as 70% of all deaths in the U.S. quietly negotiated Conflict theorists ask questions about the values raised by such decisions People who died with a doctor’s help more likely to be socially, economically, and educationally privileged Module 38

32. Slide 32 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Right to Die Worldwide █ Initiating Policy –In the industrialized world, euthanasia is legal and widely accepted in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland –In U.S., Oregon and Washington allows assisted suicide –Medical and technological advances allow us to prolong life Cannot provide answers to complex ethical, legal, and political questions Module 38