1. British Imperialism in India
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

2. John Bull as Octopus of Imperialism (1888)

3. India: 18c-early 19c

4. Mughal Empire was collapsing…
Who led the British East India Co. in a victory to become the leading power in India?
1757 – Robert Clive led  British victory at the Battle of Plassey

5. The British
East India
Company:

6. The British Come to India
How did the East India Co. rule India?
Little interference from British gov’t – had own army
British people came to India for excitement, money, and to improve their status
Ran businesses, became officials, served as missionaries, etc.

7. “It was exciting going to India, a new life
“It was exciting going to India, a new life. There wasn't much doing in England then. We were going from a rather dull career in England to something exciting in India.”
~ Colonel C.A.K. Innes-Wilson, Royal Engineers officer who joined the Survey of India (which mapped the subcontinent); later first Surveyor General of Pakistan

8. Indian soldiers in the army of the East India Co.
Who were sepoys?
Indian soldiers in the army of the East India Co.
Led by British army officers
The sepoy army was “ a delicate and dangerous machine, which a little mismanagement may easily turn against us” ~governor of Bombay

9. British Soldiers in India, 1830s

10. Governing India
Indian Civil Service (ICS) provided men to govern India
Graduates of British universities who passed exams & interviews worked as district officers
Forest Service, Education Service, Survey of India, Political Service

11. “The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

12. Why was India the “jewel in the crown”?
Supplied raw materials
Large potential market for goods

13. How did the British prevent the Indian economy from operating on its own?
Had to produce materials for Britain & buy British goods
Prohibited Indian competition w/British goods

14. What types of goods, crops, and materials came from India?
Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, jute, opium
Railroads were essential
Trade of Indian goods related to international events

15. British Opium Warehouse in Patna, India
Selling Patna Opium in China

16. What were the negatives of British colonialism for India?
Restrictions on Indian-owned industries
Reduced food production due to cash- crop plantations
Missionaries & British officials threatened Indian traditions and culture

17. What were the positives of British colonialism for India?
World’s 3rd largest railroad network – enabled modern economy & unity
Modernized India
Sanitation & public health improved
Schools founded, literacy increased
Put end to local warfare

18. Darjeeling Railroad, 1880s

19. What caused the Sepoy Mutiny?
Rifle cartridges greased w/beef & pork – against Hindu religious beliefs
Sepoys who refused to accept cartridges were jailed
Sepoys rebelled by marching to Delhi & capturing the city
Rebellion spread

20. Areas of the Sepoy Mutiny, 1857

21. Why were the Indians not able to defeat the British?
Weak leadership
Splits between Hindus & Muslims
Sikhs still loyal to British

22. Execution of Sepoys: “The Devil’s Wind”
What happened as a result of the mutiny?
Turning point – Britain took direct command of India – known as the Raj ( )
Fueled racist attitudes of British
Execution of Sepoys: “The Devil’s Wind”

23. 1877: Queen Victoria Becomes “Empress of India”

24. Sikhs – Bengal Cavalry of the British Army

25. 15th Ludhiana Sikhs, 1889

26. How did Ram Mohun Roy, the “Father of Modern India”, want to modernize India?
Move away from traditional ideas & practices
Wanted to end rigid caste system & arranged marriages
Adopt Western ways
Why did nationalist feelings start to surface in India?
Indians hated being 2nd class citizens in own country!

27. What two nationalist groups emerged in India?
Indian National Congress (1885)
Muslim League (1906)
What were their main ideas and concerns?
Called for self- government
swaraj = “independence”

28. Movement Towards Independence
Indians served in armies during WWII
Fight against Nazis deepened desire for independence
Seeing early Japanese victories over European powers made them believe that their colonial rulers could be defeated
Europeans began to doubt morality of having colonies

29. Divisions Within India
1920s – Mohandas Gandhi led movement
Indian National Congress or Congress Party
Peaceful disobedience (protests, non-violence)
Hindu members
Muhammad Ali Jinnah led Muslim League
Did not think Congress Party cared for rights of Muslims in India

30. Divisions Within India
WWII – Britain ready to give India independence
But which group should have power?
Riots broke out between Hindus & Muslims
Gandhi tried to end violence
Assassinated by Hindu extremist for protecting Muslims!

31. Why did the British divide or partition Bengal?
Province was too large to manage
Divided into Hindu section & Muslim section
Terrorism broke out – had to “re-partition” India to keep peace

32. Pre-Partition

33. Partition British parliament passed law in July 1947
Separate Hindu & Muslim nations of India (Hindu) & Pakistan (Muslim)
However, people only had one month to move = more violence

34. Problems in Modern India
Jawaharlal Nehru – first Prime Minister
India & Pakistan went to war over state of Kashmir (bordered both countries)
Hindu ruler but large Muslim population
Conflict still occurs
Nehru tried to reform society
Improve status of lower castes, women
Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1964
Steps to increase food production
Ordered attack on Sikh rebels in 1984
She is killed by Sikhs soon after

35. Problems in Modern India
Separatist movements continue to disrupt Indian society
Pakistan had east & west parts separated by India
Eastern part won independence in 1971 to become Bangladesh
Leader Ali Bhutto, daughter Benazir Bhutto
Power struggles
Ceylon becomes independent in 1972 and became Sri Lanka
Hindu minority