1. DEATH AND DYING
Biological
Psychological
Social
Developmental

2. What Causes Aging? What Causes Death?

3. What Causes Aging? 1. Programmed theories 2. Damage theories Genes
Wear and tear

4. What Causes Aging? PROGRAMMED Theories genetic pre-programmed
inevitable
universal

5. What Causes Death? 1. Programmed theories of aging genes turn on & off
premature aging
endocrine or immune systems directs program

6. Maximum life span
Maximum number of years any member of a species has lived
110 to 120 years (for humans)

8. What Causes Aging?
DAMAGE theories of aging
wear & tear
disease
disuse

9. What Causes Death (cont)?
2. Damage theories
Repair lags behind damage
As you age--
damage more easily
repair more slowly
Evidence
Physical: diet, exercise, substance abuse
Psychological: stress, activity, outlook

10. DEATH AND DYING
Life expectancy average number of years a newborn can be expected to live
76.5 years (US Census Bureau, 2000)

11. Society and Death Historical changes in death
1900-average life expectancy= 49 yrs. half of children died, two wives

12. DEATH AND DYING Males 74.9 68 Females 79.9 75
Caucasian African-American
Males
Females
(US Census Bureau, 2000)

13. Factors which affect life expectancy:
nutrition
medical care
poverty
sanitation
child birth procedures
public health

15. What Causes Aging? What Causes Death?
Aging and Death are processes.
Genetics
Environment
Own activity
Biological, psychological, social
INTERACTIONS over TIME

16. Process of Dying Process of Bereavement

17. Cultural Differences in the Process of Dying
Meaning of death
Process of dying
where?
with whom?
how?

18. PROCESS OF DYING Aging & Death: future & past Shift to “years left”
Reminisce- satisfied with life
Fear decreases as grow older
Elderly: comfort in loved ones & achievements

19. PROCESS OF DYING (cont.)
The Experience of Dying
1. Denial and isolation
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

20. PROCESS OF DYING (cont.)
Critique and Alternatives
1. Not stages
2. Depends on illness process
3. Individual and social influences

21. Cultural Differences in BEREAVEMENT
1. Expressions of grief
2. Duration of mourning
3. Continuing relationship with the dead

22. Bereavement Experience of grieving 1. Shock & numbness 2. Yearning
3. Depression
4. Reorganization (yearly cycle)

23. GRIEF WORK Perspective
Bereavement
CHALLENGES to the
GRIEF WORK Perspective
1. Confront loss
2. Deal with emotion
3. Detach from person

24. BEREAVEMENT (cont.) Critique and Alternatives 1. Not stages
2. Depends on loss process
3. Individual and social influences

25. BEREAVEMENT (cont.) Depends on Loss Process 1. Relationship
Parent, spouse, child, friend
Closeness, dependency
2. Cause of death
On time vs. off-time
Preventable, meaningful
3. Supports and stressors

26. Social Support Helping People who are Dying or Grieving 1. Not easy
2. Remain engaged
3. Respect individuality
4. Take some of the load
5. Patience
Hospice care or Professional help

27. Children Dying and Bereavement
Experiences shaped by:
1. Developmental level and tasks.
2. Conception of death.
3. Cultural context.
4. Specific experiences.
Parental and social support.

28. PRESCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN
1. Aware of dying.
2. Show distress indirectly.
3. Few coping strategies (escape).
4. Developmental tasks/ issues:
Attachment/ Abandonment.
Self-regulation/ Opposition.

29. SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN 1. Can talk about it more directly.
2. Express distress more directly.
3. Pragmatic coping strategies.
4. Developmental Tasks/ Issues:
Peer relationships/ Rejection.
Social comparison/ Competencies.

30. ADOLESCENT CHILDREN 1. Understand all the implications.
2. Distress over lost possibilities.
3. Many coping strategies.
4. Developmental tasks/ issues:
Body image/ Appearance.
Identity/ Future lost.
Autonomy/ Dependence on parents.

31. Children and Bereavement
Understanding of death is consistent with cognitive level.

32. MATURE CONCEPTION DEATH IS: Final Irreversible Universal
Caused by internal processes

33. INFANTS No concept of death. Temporary grief from separation.
Long-term effects depend on replacement.

34. PRESCHOOL CHILDREN Full-blown attachment Few coping strategies
Biggest negative long-term effects

35. PRESCHOOL CHILDREN Conception of Death Dead retain life functions
Death is reversible

36. SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN Conception of Death Cessation of life Irreversible
Universal
Not understand causality of death

37. ADOLESCENCE
Mature conception of death

38. LAST NAME, first name
1. According to theories of PROGRAMMED aging, what causes aging and death?
2. According to DAMAGE theories of aging, what causes aging and death?
3. Name 3 factors that influence how children experience dying and bereavement.

39. END