1. © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction to Human Services: Through the Eyes of Practice Settings, 3rd Edition Michelle E. Martin
Chapter 7
Aging and Services for the Older Adult
© 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. The Aging of America: Changing Demographics
The aging of the baby boomers
50% increase in human life span the U.S. has experienced during the 20th century
There are approximately 40 million people over the age of 65 living in the U.S.
Global Financial Crisis
© 2014, 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Old and Old-Old: A Developmental Perspective
Cultural expectations in the United States, such as:
Marriage, child rearing, employment, and home ownership:
Certainly have an impact on those in early and middle adulthood
© 2014, 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Old and Old-Old: A Developmental Perspective
Just as retirement, increased physical problems, & widowhood have an impact on those in later life
Developmental Theories
Erik Erikson
Daniel Levinson
Tornstam
Degges-White
© 2014, 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Approximate
age Stage Description of Task
Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants
(1st year) develop a sense of basic trust.
Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and
(2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.
Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks
(3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel
guilty about efforts to be independent.
Elementary Competence vs Children learn the pleasure of applying
(6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel
puberty) inferior.

6. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Approximate
age Stage Description of Task
Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by
(teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to
20s) form a single identity, or they become
confused about who they are.
Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation-
(20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate
40s) love, or they feel socially isolated.
Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri-
(40s to 60s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family
and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older
(late 60s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or
up) failure.

7. Old and Old-Old: A Developmental Perspective
Developmental Theories
Daniel Levinson
Reflection
Intrinsic values vs. Extrensic
© 2014, 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. A Developmental Perspective
Tornstam
Gerotranscendence – From material to spiritual (existential)
External to internal
3 Dimensions of Transcendence
Cosmic – view of life and death
The Self – from self-centeredness to toward altruism
Relationships with others – roles and self ID
Degges-White – Life Review – uses gero- transcendence
© 2014, 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Successful Aging
The process of getting the most out of one’s life in later years
The aging process seems to discourage high activity levels in virtually all domains
© 2014, 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Current Issues Affecting Older Adults & Human Service Role
Ageism
Myths to describe old age
Housing
Retirement community
Government-subsidized older adult housing
Homelessness and the Older Adult Population
© 2014, 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Current Issues Affecting Older Adults & Human Service Role
Adjustment to Retirement
The Honeymoon Phase
Disenchantment
Reorientation
Stability
Termination
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12. Current Issues Affecting Older Adults & Human Service Role
Grandparents Parenting
Very High Depression Rates
Dementia
Alzheimer’s affects about 5% of Americans and 50% over 85
Elder Abuse
Elder abuse tends to be grossly underreported
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13. © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Practice Settings Serving Older Adults
Unfortunately working with older adults remains a rather unpopular career pursuit
Adult day cares, geriatric assessment units, nursing home facilities
Veterans’ services, elder abuse programs, adult protective services, hospices
Bereavement services, senior centers
© 2014, 2011, Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.