1. The Art of Modeling with Spreadsheets Chapter 4: Hillier and Hillier

2. Agenda  Case Study: The Everglade Golden Years Company  Process of Modeling with Spreadsheets  Guidelines for Good Spreadsheets  Debugging the Spreadsheet

3. The Everglade Golden Years Company  The Everglade Golden Years Company has a short-term cash flow problem.  It must decide on a borrowing strategy to optimize its long-run net cash flow at the end of year 2012.  The two components that Everglade can use in its borrowing strategies are: –One year short-term loans –Long-term loans

4. The Everglade Golden Years Company Cont.  Terms of the short-term loan –Interest and principle paid at the end of the year –Interest rate: 10% APR –Loan can be taken out in any year  Terms of the long-term loan –Ten year loan –Interest is paid on the loan each year –Principle is paid back after the ten year period with no prepayment possible –Interest rate: 7% APR

5. The Everglade Golden Years Company Cont.  Everglade would like to maintain a cash balance each year of $500,000  Everglade has a $1,000,000 in its bank currently  The projected net cash flow for Everglade is given on the next slide.

6. The Everglade Golden Years Company Cont. YearProjected Net Cash Flow ($ Mil.) YearProjected Net Cash Flow ($ Mil.) 2003-820083 2004-22009-4 2005-420107 200632011-2 20076201210

7. Process of Modeling with Spreadsheets  Four major stages when building a spreadsheet model: –Planning Stage –Building Stage –Testing Stage –Analysis Stage

8. Planning Stage  Visualize and diagram the process you are trying to model –It can be very useful to put together a visual sketch of what processes are occurring in your model –This is a conceptual drawing of the process you are modeling  Calculate by hand answers for different components by hand –This will allow you to see what is going on at each component within your model

9. Planning Stage Cont.  Sketch a spreadsheet that represents the visual diagram you developed –This should be a visual sketch of the spreadsheet that only has important components that come from your visual sketch

10. Diagram of Everglade’s Model

11. Spreadsheet Diagram of Everglade’s Model L-T Rate S-T Rate Start Balance Minimum Cash YearCash Flow L-T Loan S-T Loan L-T Interest S-T Interest L-T Payback S-T Payback Ending Balance Minimum Balance 2003 2007 2012 2013

12. Building and Testing Phase  The building and testing phase are intertwined with each other.  Usually there will be many iterations within the building and testing stage.  If the spreadsheet model has any complexity, you will want to build and test a small version of the model. –This is useful when your spreadsheet has a time component or when it has many modules used for calculations.

13. Building and Testing Phase Cont.  Once you have a small working version of the spreadsheet model, you want to build and test the full-scale version. –If you put together a small spreadsheet model that was representative of the model needed to solve the problem, it should be fairly straight forward to expand to the full-scale model. –When testing the model, you should try to put in data that you know the answer to.

14. Analysis Stage  In the analysis stage, you will take the spreadsheet model and use it to examine the question at hand.  This is when you use the Solver tool to find the optimal answer.  In this stage you are doing the ultimate test of the spreadsheet model. –If the spreadsheet does not give satisfactory answers, you may have to return to the building stage.

15. Guidelines for Building Good Spreadsheets  Enter the data first –Since the data can dictate the structure of the spreadsheet model, it is valuable to input the data in the spreadsheet first. –This can also allow you to build the spreadsheet to closely resemble the structure of the data.  Organize and clearly identify the data –Data should be grouped together in a convenient format. –Each piece of data or group of data should be appropriately labeled.

16. Guidelines for Building Good Spreadsheets Cont.  Enter each piece of data into one cell only –If you need to use the data elsewhere in the model, you can reference it.  Separate data from formulas –If possible, formulas should have no specific parameters encoded in them. –By keeping the data separate from formulas, you can save time when changes are needed by only having to change one parameter rather than looking for all the formulas that use a specific piece of data. –This allows all the data to be visual in the spreadsheet.

17. Guidelines for Building Good Spreadsheets Cont.  Keep it simple –You should avoid more powerful functions when simpler ones will accomplish the same task. –Keep formulas simple. If you have a very complicated formula, you should break it up into components on the spreadsheet.  Use range names –Range names should be indicative of what they represent. –When using range names, care should be taken not to allow too many range names so the names become unwieldy.

18. Guidelines for Building Good Spreadsheets Cont.  Use relative and absolute references to simplify copying formulas –This also allows you to copy cells without making as many errors.  Use borders, shading, and colors to distinguish between cell types –This will make it easy for you to keep track of the items within your spreadsheet model.

19. Guidelines for Building Good Spreadsheets Cont.  Show the entire model on the spreadsheet –You should attempt to put as many of the elements of the model on the spreadsheet. This will allow others to more easily understand your model. This will allow people using the spreadsheet to more easily understand the Solver dialog box.

20. Debugging a Spreadsheet Model  Toggle –By using CTRL~, you can toggle between the results of cells and the formulas in the cells. –This will allow you to look at multiple formulas at once.  Excel’s Auditing Toolbar –Excel has an Auditing tool that allows you to examine precedent cells and dependent cells. –This tool can be useful to you by visually showing you how the cells are interconnected.

21. Debugging a Spreadsheet Model Cont.  Divide and Conquer –This is a method that requires that you breakup the model into components and test each component to find errors. –It is a valuable method for debugging spreadsheet models.