1. Magnetism

2. Magnetism The Greeks discovered a mineral that had a peculiar property
It attracted metals, they found it in a place called Magnesia so they called it magnetic!
Magnetism – refers to properties and interactions of magnets
Can be made of iron, cobalt, or nickel

3. Magnetic Force
Not only do magnets attract metal objects, they also exert a force on each other
Magnetic force – the attraction or repulsion felt between magnets

4. Magnetic Field
A magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field which exerts the magnetic force
Objects made of iron or another magnet are within the field it will react
The field can be shown with lines of force or magnetic field lines

5. Magnetic Poles
Magnetic Pole – area of a magnet where the magnetic force exerted is the strongest
North and South poles
North pole will point “North” like a compass
Field lines always connect from north pole to south pole

6. Magnetic Poles

7. Magnetic Poles

8. Earth’s Magnetic Poles
Earth’s magnetic poles are opposite of what you would think!
The N end of a compass needle points north…which means…
The north pole of Earth is the south pole of Earth’s magnet!

9. Magnetic Domain
Magnetic Domain – groups of atoms aligned with magnetic poles
In a magnet, all magnetic domains are aligned

10. Isolated poles?! Can we break a magnet in two?
Sure we can! But what happens to the poles?
There will still be a north and south pole!

11. Electricity and Magnetism
Sometimes it helps to be lucky…
In 1820 a Danish physics teacher was demonstrating electric circuits
He had left a compass nearby the circuit and noticed as electricity was flowing, the compass was deflected
He hypothesized that an electric current must produce a magnetic field

12. Right Hand Rule
Moving charges flowing through a wire create a magnetic field
The field forms a circular pattern around the wire
Direction of field depends on the current
The strength of the field depends on the strength of the current

13. Right Hand Rule
The right hand rule helps determine the direction of the magnetic field
Current = I
Magnetic field = B

14. Electromagnets
Electromagnet – a temporary magnet made by placing a piece of iron inside a current-carrying coil of wire
Temporary because they only work while current is flowing

15. Magnets Make Music Speakers work because of electromagnets!
Information is read from a CD
That information varies electrical current through a coiled wire
The electromagnet that is created is attracted or repelled by a fixed magnet within the speaker
The causes vibration which creates sound!

16. Galvanometer
Galvanometer – a device that uses an electromagnet to measure electric current
Often used for gauges in a car
The greater the current the stronger the electromagnet
The needle will push against a spring to align with the poles of a permanent magnet

17. Electric Motors
Electric motor – device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
Electric motor contains an electromagnet that can rotate freely inside a permanent magnet
When current flows the electromagnet produces a magnetic field

18. Electric Motors
By flipping the flow of the current the poles of the electromagnet are switched and the coil can continue to rotate
In some motors a communicator flips the flow of the current
The greater the electric current the faster it will spin

19. Question…
So we’ve seen that using an electric current and a magnet we can create a running motor
What if we turned the current off and turned the wire coils ourselves?

20. Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction – producing an electric current by moving a loop of wire through a magnetic field

21. Generator
Generator – produces electric current by rotating a coil of wire in a magnetic field

22. Switching Direction This results in AC electric current!
As the coil turns inside of a fixed magnet, the current will switch direction
This results in AC electric current!

23. Power Plants
In order to generate power for you home and for cities power companies use massive generators
Turbine – a large wheel pushed by water, wind, or steam

24. Direct vs. Alternating Current
Two forms of electric current
Direct current (DC) – flows only in one direction in a wire
Batteries
Alternating Current (AC) – flows in 2 directions and alternates direction in a regular way
Outlets in your home
60 Hz in N. America

25. Transformers No…not Optimus Prime
Transformer – a device that increases or decreases voltage of an alternating current

26. Transformers

27. Transformers Step-up transformer Step-down transformer
Secondary coil has more turns
This increases the voltage
Ex. Primary coil is 60V if the secondary has 2 times the turns the secondary voltage will be 120V
60V x 2 = 120V
Step-down transformer
Secondary coil has fewer turns
This decreases the voltage
Ex. Primary coil is 120V and secondary has half as many turns the secondary voltage will be 60V
120V x ½ = 60V

29. Alternate Forms of Energy
Hydroelectricity – creating electricity from moving water

30. Alternate Forms of Energy
Solar Energy – using the sun’s energy to create electricity

31. Alternate Forms of Energy
Wind Energy – Using wind turbines to produce energy