1. States of Consciousness

2. Levels of Consciousness
Conscious Level
Nonconscious Level
Preconscious Level
Subconscious Level
Unconscious Level

3. Sleep Sleep is a state of consciousness.
We are less aware of our surroundings.
Circadian Rhythm

4. Sleep* Why do we need sleep?
Sleep protects us
Sleep helps us recuperate (repair tissue & build-up our immune system / fight infection)
Sleep improves cognitive functioning (accidents are more likely when one is sleep deprived)
Sleep improves memory (consolidation and recovery)
Sleep helps us grow
Sleep helps us cope emotionally
How much sleep do we need? (according to the National Institutes of Health-2007)
kids
teens
adults
elderly

6. As our body prepares for sleep, our body temperature changes
Goes down as we go to sleep
Goes up as we wake up

7. Sleep Stages
Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
Preview Question 3: What is the biological rhythm of our sleep?
Hank Morgan/ Rainbow

8. Sleep Cycle Use an EEG machine to measure stages of sleep.
Click to see an awake brain.
Click dude for alpha
Waves.
Use an EEG machine to measure stages of sleep.
When you are the onset of sleep you experience alpha waves.
“Wakeful relaxation”

9. Stage 1 Kind of awake and kind of asleep.
Hypnagogic hallucinations/jerks
Only lasts a few minutes
Your brain produces Theta Waves.

10. Stage 2 More Theta Waves that get progressively slower.
Begin to show sleep spindles…short bursts of rapid brain waves.

11. Stages 3 and 4 Deep Sleep Slow wave sleep Delta waves.
If awoken you will be very groggy.
Vital for restoring body’s growth hormones and good overall health.
Sleep talking, walking, night terrors, etc.
From stage 4, your brain begins to speed up and you go to stage 3, then 2….then ……

12. REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Often called paradoxical sleep.
Brain is very active.
Dreams usually occur in REM.
Body is essentially paralyzed.
REM Rebound

14. 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep
With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.

15. Sleep Disorders* Insomnia: A persistent inability to fall asleep.
Narcolepsy*: Overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up.
Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when asleep.
Preview Question 5: What are the major sleep disorders?

16. Sleep Disorders Children are most prone to:
Night terrors: Wake up screaming, have no idea; most common in young boys
Sleepwalking: A Stage 4 disorder which is usually harmless and unrecalled the next day.
Sleeptalking: A condition that runs in families, like sleepwalking.

17. What We Dream
Manifest Content: A Freudian term meaning the story line of dreams.
Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content.
Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune.
Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.
Preview Question 6: What do we dream?

18. Freud’s Theory of Dreams
Dreams are a roadway into our unconscious.
Manifest Content (storyline)
Latent Content (underlying meaning)

19. Activation-Synthesis Theory
Our Cerebral Cortex is trying to interpret random electrical activity we have while sleeping.
That is why dreams sometimes make no sense.
Biological Theory.

20. Information-Processing Theory
Dreams are a way to deal with the stresses of everyday life.
We tend to dream more when we are more stressed.

21. REM Rebound
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.
What will happen if you don’t get a good nights sleep for a week, and then sleep for 10 hours?
You will dream a lot.

22. Why do we daydream? They can help us prepare for future events.
They can nourish our social development.
Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

23. Hypnosis

24. Hypnosis Altered state of consciousness? Posthypnotic suggestion
Posthypnotic amnesia

25. Hypnotic Theories Role Theory State Theory
Hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness.
Hypnotic suggestibility.
A social phenomenon where people want to believe.
Work better on people with richer fantasy lives.
Possibly a shift in selective attention
Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.
Dramatic health benefits
It works for pain best.

26. Dissociation Theory Pain relief studies Theory by Ernest Hilgard.
Combines state & role theory
We voluntarily divide our consciousness up.
Ice Water Experiment.
We have a hidden observer, a level of us that is always aware.
Pain relief studies

27. Hilgard’s “Hidden Observer” Research Supports Dissociation Theory
Hidden Observer: describes hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis. The “hidden observer” feels the pain so is associated with normal consciousness.
Ex: Part of person feels the pain during ice water experiments.

28. Perspectives On Dissociation

29. Hypnosis Concepts: Can Hypnosis Have an Effect After The Session?
Posthypnotic Amnesia: supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion. “You will no longer remember anything you experienced today.”
Posthypnotic Suggestion: a suggestion made during a hypnosis session that will be carried out after hypnosis session is over. “You will no longer feel the need to smoke after this session is over.”

30. Drugs

32. Drugs
Our brain is protected by a layer of capillaries called the blood-brain barrier.
The drugs that are small enough to pass through are called psychoactive drugs.

33. Drugs are either…. Agonists Antagonists Reuptake inhibitors
If a drug is used often, a tolerance is created for the drug.
Thus you need more of the drug to feel the same effect.
If you stop using a drug you can develop withdrawal symptoms.

34. Drugs and Social Expectations
Drug experiences vary depending on the culture you are in.
Often people act how they think they should act when on a certain drug.
Ex: Alcohol belief studies.

35. Depressants
Alcohol: suppresses parts of the brain that control judgment, inhibitions, and can seriously alter physical functioning in high doses (balance, memory, consciousness, death).
Anxiolytics depress CNS, reduce anxiety (xanax, etc.)
Opiates: heroin, opium; mimic endorphins (agonist)

36. Stimulants Speed up body processes.
More powerful ones (like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility.
Caffeine, nicotine, meth, cocaine

37. Hallucinogens Psychedelics Causes changes in perceptions of reality
LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana (THC).
Reverse tolerance or synergistic effect