1. Human Geography By James Rubenstein
Chapter 2
Key Issue 3
Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries?
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

2. Demographic Transition
The five stages of change in populations through which society progresses.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

3. Stages of Demographic Transition
Stage 1: Low Growth
Stage 2: High Growth
Stage 3: Moderate Growth
Stage 4: Low Growth
Stage 5: Negative Growth*
* not in text
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

4. April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

5. World Populations and Growth Rates
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

6. Stage 1: Low Growth
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

7. Stage 1 Characteristics
Humans were hunters and gatherers
NIR was essentially zero
WP was perhaps ½ million
The WP increased and decreased with the availability of food
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

8. Agricultural Revolution
A time, between 8000 B.C. and 1750 A.D., when human beings domesticated plants and animals.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

9. Effects of the Agricultural Revolution
A larger, more stable supply of food
More people could survive
WP increased from about 5 to 800 million
War and disease still took toll
Still Stage 1 until 1750 A.D.
No country is at stage 1 today
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

10. Stage 2: High Growth
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

11. Industrial Revolution
A conjunction of major improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and delivering them to market.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

12. Stage 2 Characteristics
Unprecedented level of wealth
Increased agricultural production fed the rapidly growing population
people freed to work in factories
Improved sanitation and personal hygiene
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

13. Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America, diffused to LDCs of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

14. Medical Revolution
Edward Jenner developed a smallpox vaccination in 1796
Penicillin and other vaccines and insecticides were developed to combat diseases
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

15. Effects of the Industrial and Medical Revolutions
CDR suddenly plummeted
WP grew 10 times faster
At first, accelerating population growth
then, growth rate slowed, but large gap remained between births and deaths.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

16. Stage 2 Transition Dates
Europe and North America about 1800
Africa, Asia, and Latin America about 1950
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

17. Stage 3: Moderate Growth
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

18. Stage 3 Characteristics
Begins with a sudden decline of CBR
CBR is still greater than CDR
The NIR is more modest than Stage 2
CDR declines due to new technology
CBR changes due to social changes
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

19. Social Changes People choose to have fewer children
Delayed reaction to decline in IMR
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

20. Economic Changes Children living on farms shared the chores
As technology improved, people moved from the farm to the city
Children living in the cities are not economic assets to their families
Urban homes too small to accommodate large families
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

21. Stage 3 Transition Dates
Europe and North America moved in the first half of the twentieth century
Asia, and Latin America in recent years
Africa still in Stage 2
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

22. Stage 4: Low Growth
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

23. Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
When the CBR and CDR are near equal, the NIR approaches zero (measured by a lack of change in the TFR over a long period).
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

24. Stage 4 Characteristics
A country with many immigrants must decrease TFR to achieve ZPG
CBR can be slightly higher then CDR, with some females dying before they reach childbearing years.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

25. Stage 4 Transition Dates
Most of Europe reached Stage 4 since 1970s
The United States TFR went below ZPG (replacement level of 2.1) in 2000, but immigration prevents them from reaching Stage 4
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

26. Social Customs in Stage 4
More women enter work force
Working parents must employ preschool care during work hours
Wider variety of birth-control
Participation in entertainment and recreational activities not suitable for children
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

27. Stage 5: Negative Growth
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

28. The CBR is lower than the CDR
Negative Growth
The CBR is lower than the CDR
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

29. Negative Growth as result of fifty years of Communism in some Eastern European, most notably;
Russia
Hungary
Germany (Eastern)
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

30. Reasons for Negative Growth
Very strong family planning programs
Deep-seated pessimism about having children in an uncertain world
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

31. The Demographic Transition in England
England has reached Stage 4
1000 years of population information available
Boundaries unchanged
Migration limited
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

32. Stage 1 Characteristics
In 1066, population was 1 million
In 1250, the population declined from 4 to 2 million
By 1750, the population had reached only 6 million
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

33. April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

34. Stage 2 Characteristics
By 1800, the CBR remained high, but CDR declined
Industrial Revolution increased food supply and improved health care
By early 1900s, population increased from 6 to 30 million (NIR = 1.4%)
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

35. April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

36. Stage 3 Characteristics
Between 1880 and early 1900s
While CDR declined, the CBR declined rapidly
Between 1880 and 1970, the population increased from 26 to 49 million (NIR = .07%)
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

37. April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

38. Stage 4 Characteristics
Since 1970s, CBR has varied between 12 to 14 per 1000, while CDR has varied between 10 to 12 per 1000
Population has increased due to immigration from former colonies
Population is currently around 52 million
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

39. April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

40. Population Pyramids
A country’s stage of demographic transition gives a distinctive population structure which can be easily viewed in a population pyramid.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

41. Population Pyramids
A bar graph that displays a country’s population by age and gender groups.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

42. April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

43. Characteristics of Population Pyramids
population shown in five-year age groups
length of the bar represents % of total population in that group
males shown on left side and women on right
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

44. April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

45. Age Distribution
Structure of populations are important in understanding similarities and differences among countries.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

46. Dependency Ratio
The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.
0 – 14 (too young)
15 – 64 (productive years)
65+ (too old)
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

47. Dependency Ratio in Demographic Transition
1:1 dependency in stage 2
1:3 dependency in stage 4
10:1 young to old in stage 2
1:1 young to old in stage 4
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

48. Population Under 15 In LDCs 1/3rd of population are under 15 (stage 2)
In European and North America, 1/5th of population under 15 (in/near stage 4)
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

49. April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

50. The large percentage of children in stage 2 countries strain the resources to provide needed services to the dependent group.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

51. Percentage of Population Over 65
Exceed 15% in Europe
Less than 5% in Sub-Sahara Africa
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

52. More than 1/4th of all government expenditures in the U. S
More than 1/4th of all government expenditures in the U.S., Canada, Japan, and some European countries go to Social Security, health care, and other programs for older people.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

53. The number of males per hundred females in the population.
Sex Ratio
The number of males per hundred females in the population.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

54. Sex Ratio Facts
In general more males are born than females, but males have a higher death rate.
Societies with a high rate of immigration typically have more males than females. Why?
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

55. The shape of a community’s population pyramid tells a lot about its distinctive character.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

56. What do Detroit’s and Laredo's Population Pyramids tell us?
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

57. Detroit, Michigan 82% African Americans
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

58. Laredo, Texas 94% Hispanic
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

59. Detroit and Laredo have relatively broad-based pyramids, because the birth rates of the cities’ majorities are high.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

60. What do Honolulu’s and Cedar Rapids' Population Pyramids tell us?
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

61. Honolulu, Hawaii 66% Asian-American and/or Native Hawaiian
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

62. Cedar Rapids, Iowa 92% White
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

63. The birth rates of Honolulu and Cedar Rapids communities are low among those Asian Americans and European-descendent communities respectively.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

64. What’s happening in Naples, Florida?
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

65. 42% over 65 in Naples, Florida
Retirement Community
42% over 65 in Naples, Florida
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

66. What’s happening in Unalaska, Alaska?
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

67. Military Base
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

68. What’s happening in Lawrence, Kansas?
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

69. College Town
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

70. View Demographic Transition as reflected in Population Pyramids.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

71. Examples of Demographic Transition
Cape Verde: Stage 2 (High Growth)
Chile: Stage 3 (Moderate Growth)
Denmark: Stage 4 (Low Growth)
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

72. Cape Verde: Stage 2
Between 1941 and 1942, CDR was 74/1000 due to severe famine (stage 1).
An anti-malarial campaign since 1950 tripled the population (NIR of 3%.) = stage 2
CDR dropped from in 1950, to 10 in the 1970s.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

73. Fluctuations in CBR Severe famine in the 1940s.
Lower birth rates in the 1960s, due to few women in prime childbearing years (1940s famine).
Higher birth rates in 1950s and 1980s (larger number of women in childbearing years).
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

74. What is the long term effect of severe famine?
Lower birth rates in the 1960s, due to few women in prime childbearing years (1940s famine).
Higher birth rates in 1950s and 1980s (larger number of women in childbearing years).
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

75. Cape Verde
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

76. Chile’s Transition History
Entered 20th century in Stage 1
1930’s infusion of medical technology = stage 2.
1960’s vigorous governmental family-planning policy = stage 3.
Reversed policies in 1970s = delay in stage 4.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

77. Chile
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

78. Denmark: Stage 4 Stage 3 in late 19th century.
ZPG in 1970s, population increase due to immigration.
% of young and elderly nearly same.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

79. Denmark
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

80. Why will CDR increase in Denmark’s future?
Elderly will begin dying off.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

81. Demographic Transition and World Population Growth
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

82. Status of Current World Growth
No countries in stage 1.
Few countries in stage 4.
Most countries in stage 2 and 3.
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews

83. Four-stages of Demographic Transition are characterized by two breaks in the past
1. Sudden drop in death rate due to technological innovations (everywhere).
2. Sudden drop in birth rate due to changing social customs (in a few countries).
April 20, 2017
S. Mathews