1. Power-point 10: Chapter 13: Civil War Power-point 10: 1918-1921: Area of Study 2 – Creating a new society Chapter 13: Civil War

2. The Civil War begins Bolshevik support outside of European Russia was very weak. Bolshevik support outside of European Russia was very weak. This lead to the ‘White’ forces taking control under different ex-Army leaders surrounding the Bolshevik forces around Moscow and Petrograd. This lead to the ‘White’ forces taking control under different ex-Army leaders surrounding the Bolshevik forces around Moscow and Petrograd.

3. Opposition to the new Bolshevik government Political: Bolsheviks were not willing to share power with other left wing socialist parties, like the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries, seen with the closing of the Constituent Assembly Local and Regional Interests: Some saw the Bolshevik grab for power just as bad as the Tsar’s hold over Russia. Some minorities were interested in independence.

4. Opposition to the new Bolshevik government Economic Problems: Lost the wheat fields of the Ukraine from the treaty. The Bolsheviks lacked the power to bring about any sweeping changes and had to resort to State Capitalism. Foreign Opposition: The WW1 Allies of France, Britain, USA and Japan sent aid to the anti- Bolshevik forces (the ‘Whites’) to get Russia back in the war against Germany and Russia’s 80 billion debt paid back. The Allies were also capitalist and were opposed to communism

5. Internal threat – White Army Consisted of the traditional conservative forces in Russia and ousted political groups like the SR’s. Included: General Denikin’s southern threat from the Ukraine. Liked Tsars regime with 150,000 soldiers General Denikin’s southern threat from the Ukraine. Liked Tsars regime with 150,000 soldiers Admiral Kolchak’s eastern threat included 100,000 men, an anti- Bolshevik govt in Siberia and external support Admiral Kolchak’s eastern threat included 100,000 men, an anti- Bolshevik govt in Siberia and external support

6. Internal threats General Miller’s northern threat came from a SR govt set up by Miller. This was overthrown by General Wrangel General Miller’s northern threat came from a SR govt set up by Miller. This was overthrown by General Wrangel General Yudenich’s NW threat included 14,400 released Russian POW’s that nearly captured Petrograd General Yudenich’s NW threat included 14,400 released Russian POW’s that nearly captured Petrograd Green Armies came from the ethnic peasants who either wanted autonomy or independence from Russia. Green Armies came from the ethnic peasants who either wanted autonomy or independence from Russia.

8. Timeline of the War May 1918: Czech Legions capture the Trans-Siberian Railway May 1918: Czech Legions capture the Trans-Siberian Railway 1919: Commander of the White Forces, Admiral Kolchak pushes the Red Army back close to Moscow, before being defeated. 1919: Commander of the White Forces, Admiral Kolchak pushes the Red Army back close to Moscow, before being defeated. October 1919: General Denikin captures Kiev before being defeated October 1919: General Denikin captures Kiev before being defeated April 1920: Poland invades Russia for more territory April 1920: Poland invades Russia for more territory October 1920: White armies admit defeat and are evacuated by the British Navy October 1920: White armies admit defeat and are evacuated by the British Navy 1921: Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijan Nationalists are defeated, ending the war for good. 1921: Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijan Nationalists are defeated, ending the war for good.

9. Clockwise from top: Soldiers of the Don Army in 1919; a White Russian infantry division in March 1920; soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Army; Leon Trotsky in 1918; hanging of Bolsheviks by the Czechoslovak Corps. Clockwise from top: Soldiers of the Don Army in 1919; a White Russian infantry division in March 1920; soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Army; Leon Trotsky in 1918; hanging of Bolsheviks by the Czechoslovak Corps.

10. Soldiers pose over the Bolsheviks killed at Vladivostok Soldiers pose over the Bolsheviks killed at Vladivostok

11. Why the Communists won the war Geography: Red control of railways Red control of railways White army being scattered White army being scattered Most of the Russian population living in the Red area and conscription of men into the Red army, creating a unity of purpose Most of the Russian population living in the Red area and conscription of men into the Red army, creating a unity of purpose Red Control of industry and arsenal Red Control of industry and arsenalLeadership: Trotsky as a brilliant military leader Trotsky as a brilliant military leader White generals mistrusted each other White generals mistrusted each other

12. Why the Communists won the war Military, political unity and organisation: White forces were divided along political lines White forces were divided along political lines Communists (or Reds) were a united political force Communists (or Reds) were a united political forceSupport: Poor foreign support for the Whites Poor foreign support for the Whites Good propaganda for the Reds Good propaganda for the Reds The peasants didn’t want landlords to return The peasants didn’t want landlords to return War Communism to control the economy War Communism to control the economy

13. The use of Terror to win the war Lenin and the Bolsheviks had to consolidate power by means of repression through the Cheka (secret police) and the Red Army. Lenin and the Bolsheviks had to consolidate power by means of repression through the Cheka (secret police) and the Red Army. Lenin and the Cheka Commander Dzerzhinsky believed the survival Lenin and the Cheka Commander Dzerzhinsky believed the survival of the revolution depended on of the revolution depended on stopping a counter revolution.

14. Trotsky the fighter Leon Trotsky was the Bolshevik Commissar for War who followed a strategy of defending all lines of transport and communication, moving Red troops quickly by rail. Leon Trotsky was the Bolshevik Commissar for War who followed a strategy of defending all lines of transport and communication, moving Red troops quickly by rail. The Whites were unable to maintain consistent supplies and concentrate their forces in a single location. The Whites were unable to maintain consistent supplies and concentrate their forces in a single location.

15. POSITIVE VIEW 1918 Bolshevik propaganda poster depicting Trotsky as Saint George slaying the reactionary dragon of counter revolution (Trotsky was People's Commissar of War, and organizer of the Red Army). Note the dragon is wearing a top hat, which the Soviets associated with capitalism.

16. NEGATIVE VIEW White Army propaganda poster depicting Trotsky as a "Red devil" sabotaging Soviet society by disposing of good communists. It attempts to appeal to anti-Semitism. The text above the picture reads, "Peace and Liberty in Sovdepiya" White Army propaganda poster depicting Trotsky as a "Red devil" sabotaging Soviet society by disposing of good communists. It attempts to appeal to anti-Semitism. The text above the picture reads, "Peace and Liberty in Sovdepiya"

17. Murder of the Royal Family On their way back to Moscow for trial, the Romanov family, their 4 servants and the family dog were intercepted by a local Bolshevik group in a town called Ekaterinburg in July 1918. On their way back to Moscow for trial, the Romanov family, their 4 servants and the family dog were intercepted by a local Bolshevik group in a town called Ekaterinburg in July 1918. At 10.30pm they were told to dress, go down to a cellar where the some Red Guards and the local chief of the Cheka shot and bayoneted them all. Brutal!! At 10.30pm they were told to dress, go down to a cellar where the some Red Guards and the local chief of the Cheka shot and bayoneted them all. Brutal!!

18. Motives for the murder Was a statement of permanent rejection of the old regime Was a statement of permanent rejection of the old regime White soldiers were close White soldiers were close Didn’t want the anti-Bolsheviks motivated by the rescue of the family Didn’t want the anti-Bolsheviks motivated by the rescue of the family Difficulties in communication at a local level, led to them locals taking the initiative Difficulties in communication at a local level, led to them locals taking the initiative

19. Impact of Civil War the Bolshevik Party Psychologically: created survival mentality, self belief and fight against the odds Psychologically: created survival mentality, self belief and fight against the odds Politically: shaped militaristic character of communism & tradition of loyalty & discipline Politically: shaped militaristic character of communism & tradition of loyalty & discipline Organisation: war developed a strong central govt lead by authoritative leadership Organisation: war developed a strong central govt lead by authoritative leadership Socially: Justified strict justice on perceived counter-revolutionary threats Socially: Justified strict justice on perceived counter-revolutionary threats

20. Homework Tasks Analysis Activity 2 (pg. 142) Analysis Activity 2 (pg. 142) Analysis Activity 3 (pg. 143) Analysis Activity 3 (pg. 143) Focus questions page 144 Focus questions page 144 Analysing historians perspectives and pick an essay question from page 146 Analysing historians perspectives and pick an essay question from page 146