1. Chinese Leaders Present Flowers to Heroes’ Monument on National Day

2. Organization of the People’s Republic of China Parallel Hierarchies The Communist Party (CCP) The State (or Government) The People’s Liberation Army Each track is separate, yet the CCP dominates the other two.

3. Ethel Wood. AP Comparative Government and Politics. (2009)

4. Principle of Dual Role Relationship between party and government. Vertical Supervision by the higher level. Horizontal Supervision of government by the party.

5. Chinese Communist Party China is a One-Party System. – No other parties can control power. – Through horizontal supervision, the CCP controls government organizations. Mass Party System – One party represents the interests of the masses.

6. Structure of the CCP General Secretary (1)Standing Committee (7-9)Politburo (Approx. 25) Central Committee (Approx. 350)National Party Congress (2,000+) ELECTS OR APPOINTS DIRECTS/ OVERSEE

7. National Party Congress Members chosen from lower level governments. Meet once every 5 years. Not important for policy making. Appoint Central Committee.

8. Central Committee Meet annually for a week (“plenum”). Choose Politburo and Standing Committee. Little influence on policy.

9. Politburo and Standing Committee Democratic Centralism. Craft China’s policy. Not accountable to other levels of CCP. Standing Committee members are from the Politburo. Oversee ministries

10. Politburo and Standing Committee “Collective Responsibility” Decisions made in secret. Lack of TRANSPARENCY. – Operate openly? – Keep citizens informed of process? – Accountable to citizens?

11. General Secretary Formerly “Chairman” Now, works more collectively with Politburo. Less powerful during Era of Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping Didn’t have an official leadership position. “Paramount Leader” Party Elders Important in post-Mao Era. “Retired” party leaders who continue to influence members of Politburo. “GUANXI” – Importance of personal connections/relationships in China. – Old-Boys Network. – Type of “PATRON-CLIENT NETWORK”

12. Patron-Client Network PATRON Provides power/services Deng Xiaoping (paramount leader) – Helps career of next generation of leaders. CLIENT provides loyalty/support Deng’s Proteges General Secretary & President Jiang Zemin (1993-2003) General Secretary & President Hu Jintao (2003-2013)

13. Recruitment of Party Elites Nomenklatura – Similar to USSR Guanxi – Connections

14. “Chinese Promotion Puts Official on Track for Presidency.” General Secretary/President Hu Jintao on left. Vice President Xi Jinping on right.

15. Consider some of the concerns from the video. According to the clip, why is authoritarianism good for business? Does political freedom=economic instability? Would “rampant democracy” be bad for China? Who seems to benefit from authoritarianism in China? Who would benefit from democracy in China?

16. Technocrats in the Politburo Technocrats – Highly-educated bureaucrats/leaders who make decisions based on technical expertise. 8 of 9 Standing Committee are Engineers. – Hu: Hydraulic Engineer – Xi Jinping: Chemical Engineer Contrast with Mao Era – Revolutionary leaders had little to no higher education. Chinese tradition of bureaucratic hierarchy based on scholarship.

17. Communist Party Rank and File Between 70-80 million members. 80% male Receive perks Advancement through Nomenklatura and Guanxi Candidates Screened and tested Must be backed by existing member (Guanxi) Training and probationary period 2001: Officially began accepting capitalists.

18. “Young, Gifted, and Red” Answer these questions in your notebook. 1.List several reasons why younger people are joining the communist party. 2.Explain why Western-style democracy is not a high priority. 3.According to the article, what’s more important?

19. Structure of the Government Three branches of government – Executive, Legislative, Judicial All controlled by CCP. – Not independent

20. National People’s Congress (NPC) Unicameral 1982 Constitution: the “most powerful” part of the state. Reality: Largely a rubber stamp for CCP NPC meets for two weeks every year. Picks President – but chooses from a list of one candidate. Members Approx. 3,000 deputies 5-year term Elected by deputies of provincial congresses. Large Majority are CCP 80% male

21. Executive Branch Head of State: President Largely Ceremonial Negotiates with world leaders Last two General Secretaries have been President Technically appoints Prime Minister (Premier) Head of Government: Premier (Prime Minister) Directs the State Council (Bureaucracy) Oversees implementation of policy Can serve two five-year terms A CCP Standing Committee member

22. Executive Branch State Council Cabinet of approx. 40 members Direct the massive bureaucracy Members determined by CCP leaders Bureaucracy “Cadres:” Bureaucrats paid by government or CCP. – Approx. 40 million cadres. – Vast majority work at county level or lower. – Must retire by age 70.

23. Executive Branch Central Military Commission (CMC) Controls the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) – Largest in the world in size (3 million active; 1 million reserve) – Largely responsible for Mao’s rise to power. Powerful and influential Last two General Secretaries/Presidents have also been the CMC chair. “The Party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the party.” Chairman Mao

24. Judicial Branch Four-tiered “People’s Court.” – Criminal law cases have a 99% conviction rate. Harsh punishment Highest number of death penalty sentences. – Civil courts create an avenue for redress for loss of property. No judicial review of government laws.