1. Psychology 100:12 Chapter 13 Disorders of Mind and Body

2. Outline Abnormal Psychology –Perspectives –DSM IV >Classification and diagnosis –Anxiety disorders Study Questions: Describe the 5 axis of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM IV) 4/2/09

3. Perspectives on Mental disorders –Psychodynamic perspective >Intrapsychic conflict between Id, Ego, & Superego –Medical perspective >Dominant approach to treatment >Physical/genetic basis for mental illness >Treat mental illness like physical illness ~Drugs, surgery, etc. Disorders

4. Perspectives on Mental disorders –Cognitive-behavioural perspective >Mental disorders are learned >Environmental factors >Perception of events –Humanistic perspective >Growth needs >Unconditional positive regard ~Perception that positive regard must be earned

5. Disorders Perspectives on Mental disorders –Socio-cultural perspective >Influence of cultural variables >Interpretation of mental disorders –Diathesis-stress mode >Genetics and learning leads to a predisposition >Stressor triggers the disorder

6. Diagnosis of mental disorders –Symptoms, signs, and syndromes >Symptoms: Patient’s complaints >Signs: Patient’s behaviours >Syndromes: Patterns of signs and symptoms –Psychoses and Neuroses >Psychoses: Marked distortions in perception and behaviour. >Neuroses: Underlying conflict and anxiety Disorders

7. Diagnosis of mental disorders –Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV) >Emphasis on describing the disorder. >Five axes (criteria) ~Axis I: Major clinical syndromes. ~Axis II: Personality disorders ~Axis III: Physical Disorders. ~Axis IV: Severity of stress (over last year): ~Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning:

8. Diagnosis of mental disorders –Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV) >Axis I: Major clinical syndromes. ~ Disorders appearing in infancy and childhood. »e.g., ADHD, Autism, Speech, Aggression, Mental retardation. ~Delirium, Dementia, and Amnesia »Deterioration of brain due to aging, disease or toxic substances. e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, lead poisoning. ~Psychoactive substance abuse »Abuse of alcohol and other drugs Disorders

9. Diagnosis of mental disorders –Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV) >Axis I: Major clinical syndromes. ~Schizophrenia and Psychosis »loss of contact with reality - hallucinations, delusions. ~Mood disorders »Extreme deviations from normal moods ~Anxiety disorders »Phobias, Obsessive-Compulsive, Panic attacks, Post-traumatic stress Disorders

10. Diagnosis of mental disorders –Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV) >Axis I: Major clinical syndromes. ~ Somatophorm disorders »Pain, paralysis, blindness with no physical causes ~ Dissociative Disorders »Amnesia & Fugue, Multiple Personality Disorder ~Other Axis I disorders »Sexual disorders (e.g., gender identity) »Sleep disorders, eating disorders, impulse control disorders Disorders

11. Diagnosis of mental disorders –Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV) >Axis II: Personality disorders: ~Long term, maladaptive personality traits that impair normal functioning. ~Antisocial personality disorder »Two criteria: 1) Long-standing (conduct disorder < age of 15) 2) Antisocial behaviour exhibited in 3 classes ~Paranoid personality disorder »Long-standing, pervasive distrust of others Disorders

12. Diagnosis of mental disorders –Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV) >Axis II: Personality disorders: ~ Narcissistic personality disorder »Outlandish sense of self importance ~Avoidant personality disorder »A pervasive pattern of social inhibition. ~Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder »A pervasive pattern of striving for perfection, order, and control Disorders

13. Diagnosis of mental disorders –Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV) >Axis III: Physical Disorders: ~Medical problems relevant to the psychological ones. >Axis IV: Severity of stress (over last year): ~Psychosocial and environmental problems. »Sources of difficulty over the past year » Anticipated difficulties >Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning: ~Individuals often return to their highest level of functioning. 1) Relations with family and friends 2) Occupational functioning 3) Use of leisure time Disorders

14. Phobia Obsessive- Compulsive Panic Anxiety Disorders AlcoholOther drugs Substance abuse or dependence DysthymiaMajor depression Manic Episode Mood Disorders SchizophreniaAntisocial Personality Percentage of Population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Disorders

15. Anxiety, somatoform, and dissociative disorders –Anxiety Disorders >Generalized anxiety disorder. ~Difficulty controlling anxiety and worry (at least six months) ~Symptoms: »Restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance Disorders

16. Anxiety, somatoform, and dissociative disorders –Anxiety Disorders >Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) ~Obsession: An irrational and intruding thought ~Compulsion: A repetitive action ~Most common obsessions »Death, disease, disfigurement ~Most common compulsions »Rituals: Checking, cleaning (e.g., hand-washing) »Mental acts: Counting, praying, silently repeating words

17. Anxiety, somatoform, and dissociative disorders –Anxiety Disorders >Panic disorder ~Panic Attack »Three reactions. ~Emotional reaction: - Intense fear, apprehension, and terror. ~Physical reaction: - Racing heart, trembling, dizziness, etc. »Cognitive reaction: - having heart attack, going crazy, losing control Disorders

18. Anxiety, somatoform, and dissociative disorders –Anxiety Disorders >Phobia disorders ~Phobia : A persistent fear reaction strongly out of proportion to the reality of the danger »Two classes »Specific Phobias (simple phobias) Animals, Inanimate objects, Illness & injury, blood »Social Phobias Fear of specific social situations Disorders